ArticlePLoS neglected tropical diseases2021
Extracellular vesicles secreted by Giardia duodenalis regulate host cell innate immunity via TLR2 and NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathways.
Article in PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 36 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
36 citing papers in PubMed, 55 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pathogenicity and virulence ofVirulence · 2026Review
- Extracellular Vesicles ofJournal of extracellular biology · 2026Article
- Unraveling the Potential ofPharmaceutics · 2026Article
- Review
- Giardia duodenalis MIF induces host intestinal damage via CD74 receptor mediated NLRP3 inflammasome activation.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2026Article
- Macrophage migration inhibitory factor of zoonoticiScience · 2026Article
- miR-375 Regulates Extracellular Vesicle Secretion From Giardia duodenalis via Targeting Rab1a.Transboundary and emerging diseases · 2026Article
- Lifelong Impact of Prenatal Stress: Exacerbated Memory Impairments and Gene Expression Changes Under Adult Chronic Stress.Brain and behavior · 2025Article
- Trichomonas vaginalis extracellular vesicles activate the NLRP3 inflammasome and TLR3-mediated inflammatory cascades in host cells.PLoS pathogens · 2025Article
- Giardia increases macrophage production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 in response to lipopolysaccharide via macrophage galactose binding lectin.ImmunoHorizons · 2025Article
- Giardiavirus infection alleviates growth restriction and intestinal damage caused by the intestinal parasite Giardia duodenalis.Parasites & vectors · 2025Article
- The pathogenic responses elicited during exposure of human intestinal cell line with Giardia duodenalis excretory-secretory products and the potential attributed endocytosis mechanism.Medical microbiology and immunology · 2024Article
- An in-depth exploration of the multifaceted roles of EVs in the context of pathogenic single-cell microorganisms.Microbiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR · 2024Review
- Host innate immune systems gather intel on invading microbes via pathogen-derived extracellular vesicles.Extracellular vesicle · 2024Article
- Overview of extracellular vesicles in pathogens with special focus on human extracellular protozoan parasites.Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz · 2024Review
- Extracellular Vesicles: Therapeutic Potential in Central Nervous System Trauma by Regulating Cell Death.Molecular neurobiology · 2023Review
- Giardia VSPAS7 protein attenuates Giardia intestinalis-induced host macrophage pyroptosis.Parasites & vectors · 2023Article
- Guidelines for the purification and characterization of extracellular vesicles of parasites.Journal of extracellular biology · 2023Article
- Extracellular Vesicles and Their Impact on the Biology of Protozoan Parasites.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2023Review
- A thermo-resistant and RNase-sensitive cargo fromJournal of extracellular biology · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis, also known as G. intestinalis or G. lamblia, is the major cause of giardiasis leading to diarrheal disease with 280 million people infections annually worldwide. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as a ubiquitous mechanism participating in cells communications. The aim of this study is to explore the roles of G. duodenalis EVs (GEVs) in host-pathogen interactions using primary mouse peritoneal macrophages as a model. Multiple methods of electron microscopy, nanoparticle tracking analysis, proteomic assays, flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, qPCR, western blot, ELISA, inhibition assays, were used to characterize GEVs, and explore its effects on the host cell innate immunity as well as the underlying mechanism using primary mouse peritoneal macrophages. Results showed that GEVs displayed typical cup-shaped structure with 150 nm in diameter. GEVs could be captured by macrophages and triggered immune response by increasing the production of inflammatory cytokines Il1β, Il6, Il10, Il12, Il17, Ifng, Tnf, Il18, Ccl20 and Cxcl2. Furthermore, activation of TLR2 and NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathways involved in this process. In addition, CA-074 methyl ester (an inhibitor of cathepsin B) or zVAD-fmk (an inhibitor of pan-caspase) pretreatment entirely diminished these effects triggered by GEVs exposure. Taken together, these findings demonstrated that GEVs could be internalized into mouse peritoneal macrophages and regulate host cell innate immunity via TLR2 and NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathways.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.