ArticlePLoS neglected tropical diseases2021
Simultaneous circulation of two West Nile virus lineage 2 clades and Bagaza virus in the Zambezi region, Namibia.
Article in PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 28 citations in OpenAlex.
- Epidemiology of West Nile virus in Africa: An underestimated threat.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2022Pooled it
- Wild Mammals as Sentinels for West Nile Virus Circulation: Evidence from Serbia.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Zoonotic Orthoflaviviruses Related to Birds: A Literature Review.Microorganisms · 2025Review
- Detection of Bagaza Virus in Europe: A Scoping Review.Veterinary sciences · 2025Review
- A metagenomics survey of viral diversity in mosquito vectors allows the first detection of Sindbis virus in Burkina Faso.PloS one · 2025Article
- Emergence of Two Different Genotypes of Bagaza Virus (BAGV) Affecting Red-Legged Partridges in Spain, in 2019 and 2021.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- A historical perspective on arboviruses of public health interest in Southern Africa.Pathogens and global health · 2024Review
- Article
- Ecological and clinical evidence of the establishment of West Nile virus in a large urban area in Europe, Berlin, Germany, 2021 to 2022.Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin · 2023Article
- Leveraging insect-specific viruses to elucidate mosquito population structure and dynamics.PLoS pathogens · 2023Review
- Analyses of Mosquito Species Composition, Blood-Feeding Habits and Infection with Insect-Specific Flaviviruses in Two Arid, Pastoralist-Dominated Counties in Kenya.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Bagaza virus and Plasmodium spp. coinfection in red-legged partridges (Alectoris rufa), in Southern Spain 2019.Transboundary and emerging diseases · 2022Article
- Phylogenetic Characterisation of the Full Genome of a Bagaza Virus Isolate from Bird Fatalities in South Africa.Viruses · 2022Article
- Flavivirus Persistence in Wildlife Populations.Viruses · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Flaviviruses include a great diversity of mosquito-borne arboviruses with epidemic potential and high global disease burden. Several flaviviruses are circulating in southern Africa affecting humans and livestock, among them West Nile virus (WNV) and Wesselsbron virus. Despite their high relevance, no arbovirus surveillance study has been conducted for more than 35 years in Namibia. In this study we assessed the diversity of flaviviruses circulating in mosquitoes in the densely populated, semi-tropical Zambezi region of north-eastern Namibia. In total, 10,206 mosquitoes were sampled in Bwabwata and Mudumu national parks and Mashi and Wuparo conservancies and screened for flavivirus infections. A high infection rate with insect-specific flaviviruses was found with 241 strains of two previously known and seven putative novel insect-specific flaviviruses. In addition, we identified ten strains of WNV in the main vector Cx. univittatus sampled in the Mashi conservancy. Surprisingly, the strains fell into two different clades of lineage 2, 2b and 2d. Further, three strains of Bagaza Virus (BAGV) were found in Cx. univittatus mosquitoes originating from Mudumu national park. Assessment of BAGV growth in different cell lines showed high replication rates in mosquito and duck cells and about 100,000fold lower replication in human, primate and rodent cells. We demonstrate a wide genetic diversity of flaviviruses is circulating in mosquitoes in the Zambezi region. Importantly, WNV and BAGV can cause outbreaks including severe disease and mortality in humans and birds, respectively. Future studies should focus on WNV and BAGV geographic distribution, as well as on their potential health impacts in and the associated social and economic implications for southern Africa.
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