Evidence map›Paper›PMID 33797849›Full record

ArticleInternational journal of clinical practice2021

Detectable respiratory SARS-CoV-2 RNA is associated with low vitamin D levels and high social deprivation.

Mark Livingston, Aiden Plant, Simon Dunmore, Andrew Hartland, Stephen Jones, Ian Laing, Sudarshan Ramachandran

Open access · greenAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in International journal of clinical practice, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
7citing papers in PubMed, 3 pooled it
1.4field-weighted citation impact, top 20% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

7 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 9 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Vitamin D Deficiency and Comorbidities as Risk Factors of COVID-19 Infection: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Journal of preventive medicine and public health = Yebang Uihakhoe chi · 2022
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.

Mark LivingstonDepartment of Clinical Biochemistry, Black Country Pathology Services, Walsall Manor Hospital, Walsall, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6878-0769
Aiden PlantDepartment of Microbiology, Black Country Pathology Services, Walsall Manor Hospital, Walsall, UK.
Simon DunmoreSchool of Medicine and Clinical Practice & Department of Biomedical Science and Physiology, Faculty of Science & Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK.
Andrew HartlandDepartment of Clinical Biochemistry, Black Country Pathology Services, Walsall Manor Hospital, Walsall, UK.
Stephen JonesDepartment of Microbiology, Black Country Pathology Services, Walsall Manor Hospital, Walsall, UK.
Ian LaingDepartment of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Preston Hospital, Preston, UK.
Sudarshan RamachandranDepartment of Clinical Biochemistry, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK.
Walsall Manor Hospital · GBUniversity of Wolverhampton · GBRoyal Preston Hospital · GBUniversity Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust · GB

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundAccumulating evidence links COVID-19 incidence and outcomes with vitamin D status. We investigated if an interaction existed between vitamin D levels and social deprivation in those with and without COVID-19 infection.

methodsUpper or lower respiratory tract samples from 104 patients were tested for SARS-CoV-2 RNA in accordance with Public Health England criteria (January-May 2020) using RT-PCR. The latest serum total 25-hydroxyvitamin D(25-OHD) levels, quantified by LC-MS/MS, was obtained for each patient (September 2019-April 2020). Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) was generated for each patient. Univariate and logistic regression analyses examined associations between age, gender, 25-OHD, IMD score and SARS-CoV-2 result in the total cohort and subgroups.

resultsIn the total cohort, a positive SARS-CoV-2 test was significantly associated with lower 25-OHD levels and higher IMD. A positive test was associated with higher IMD in the male subgroup and with lower 25-OHD levels in those aged >72 years. Low 25-OHD and IMD quintile 5 were separately associated with positive COVID-19 outcome in the cohort. Patients in IMD quintile 5 with vitamin D levels ≤ 34.4 nmol/L were most likely to have a positive COVID-19 outcome, even more so if aged >72 years (OR: 19.07, 95%CI: 1.71-212.25; P = .016).

conclusionsIn this cohort, combined low vitamin D levels and higher social deprivation were most associated with COVID-19 infection. In older age, this combination was even more significant. Our data support the recommendations for normalising vitamin D levels in those with deficient / insufficient levels and in groups at high risk for deficiency.

Indexed as

COVID-19Vitamin D DeficiencyAgedChromatography, LiquidEnglandHumansMaleRNA, ViralSARS-CoV-2Tandem Mass SpectrometryVitamin DRNA, ViralVitamin D

Identifiers

PMID33797849
PMCPMC8250061
OpenAlexW3140780909

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.