ArticleNature aging2021
Disparities in the pace of biological aging among midlife adults of the same chronological age have implications for future frailty risk and policy.
Article in Nature aging, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 194 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
194 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 297 citations in OpenAlex.
- Cross-National and Cross-Generational Evidence That Educational Attainment May Slow the Pace of Aging in European-Descent Individuals.The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences · 2023Pooled it
- Epigenetic Age Acceleration and Cardiometabolic Biomarkers in Response to Weight-Loss Dietary Interventions Among Obese Individuals: The MACRO Trial.Aging cell · 2025Trial
- Feasibility of lifestyle interventions for cognition in adults with low education.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025Trial
- Effect of long-term caloric restriction on DNA methylation measures of biological aging in healthy adults from the CALERIE trial.Nature aging · 2023Trial
- Frailty and Depression in Late Life: A High-Risk Comorbidity With Distinctive Clinical Presentation and Poor Antidepressant Response.The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences · 2022Trial
- Lifetime non-relational traumatic experiences are associated with biological ageing.GeroScience · 2026Article
- Healthy diet and slower biological aging as protective factors against microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes.GeroScience · 2026Article
- A generalized approach for estimating the Pace of Aging.The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences · 2026Article
- Prediction of maternal and infant outcomes from longitudinal electronic health records with a mother-child AI agent.Nature medicine · 2026Article
- A geroprotective probiotic and its functional metabolite counteract inflammaging to extend healthspan.Nature aging · 2026Article
- Financial Decision-Making, Financial Literacy, and Cognitive Function: Evidence From the PATH Through Life Study.International journal of geriatric psychiatry · 2026Article
- Deep Learning-Derived Retinal Age Detects Cognitive Impairment.Ophthalmology science · 2026Article
- An epigenetic speedometer to measure Pace of Aging: FraminghamPACE.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Poor sleep is robustly correlated with accelerated aging but the evidence for causation is mixed.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Article
- Childhood socioeconomic status and changes in biological aging across mid-to-later life.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2026Article
- Functional, molecular, and digital measurements of biological age.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2026Review
- A lipidomic based metabolic age score for monitoring the effects of lifestyle and diet on metabolic disease risk.Research square · 2026Article
- Proteomic clocks combined with deep learning phenotypes track eye aging and diseases.NPJ digital medicine · 2026Article
- Multidimensional modeling of biological aging: integrating gait, eye movement, rest-state functional connectivity, and plasma biomarkers in non-dementia older adults.The journal of prevention of Alzheimer's disease · 2026Article
134 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
24 authors at 7 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Some humans age faster than others. Variation in biological aging can be measured in midlife, but the implications of this variation are poorly understood. We tested associations between midlife biological aging and indicators of future frailty-risk in the Dunedin cohort of 1037 infants born the same year and followed to age 45. Participants' Pace of Aging was quantified by tracking declining function in 19 biomarkers indexing the cardiovascular, metabolic, renal, immune, dental, and pulmonary systems across ages 26, 32, 38, and 45 years. At age 45 in 2019, participants with faster Pace of Aging had more cognitive difficulties, signs of advanced brain aging, diminished sensory-motor functions, older appearance, and more pessimistic perceptions of aging. People who are aging more rapidly than same-age peers in midlife may prematurely need supports to sustain independence that are usually reserved for older adults. Chronological age does not adequately identify need for such supports.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.