ReviewFrontiers in immunology2021
The Hygiene Hypothesis - Learning From but Not Living in the Past.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 57 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
57 citing papers in PubMed.
- The impact of regular sauerkraut consumption on the human gut microbiota: a crossover intervention trial.Microbiome · 2025Trial
- The Gut Microbiota-Mast Cell Axis in Intestinal Homeostasis and Food Allergy Pathogenesis.Biomolecules · 2026Review
- Inhalant Allergen Sensitization: Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Geographic Variation in the USA.International archives of allergy and immunology · 2026Article
- Advanced maternal age and childhood allergy: marker or mechanism?Frontiers in allergy · 2026Article
- Fasciola hepatica-Derived Proteins Shield the Heart From Type 2 Myocardial Infarction in Rats by Modulating Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Imbalance: Insights Relevant to the Hygiene Hypothesis.Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity · 2026Article
- The ethnicity and gut microbiota hypothesis: analyzing multifactorial interactions and their health implications.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Review
- Incidence rates of allergy diagnoses in the U.S. military health system after the COVID-19 pandemic.Frontiers in allergy · 2026Article
- Exploring the role of the gut microbiome in pediatric gastrointestinal and neurological health.Translational pediatrics · 2025Review
- The Evolutionary Misfit: Evolution, Epigenetics, and the Rise of Non-Communicable Diseases.Epigenomes · 2025Review
- Eating away at food allergy.Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology · 2025Review
- Evaluating the Adjuvant Therapeutic Effects of Probiotic StrainsAnimals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2025Article
- The Microecological-Immune Axis in Pediatric Allergic Diseases: Imbalance Mechanisms and Regulatory Interventions.Nutrients · 2025Review
- Efficacy and Safety ofAdvances in respiratory medicine · 2025Review
- Article
- Neuroimmune Circuits in Allergic Diseases.Annual review of immunology · 2025Review
- Exploring the role of breastfeeding, antibiotics, and indoor environments in preschool children atopic dermatitis through machine learning and hygiene hypothesis.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Trend analysis and cross-national inequity analysis of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases in children and adolescents aged 10-24 from 1990 to 2021.The World Allergy Organization journal · 2025Article
- Shaping immunity: the influence of the maternal gut bacteria on fetal immune development.Seminars in immunopathology · 2025Review
- Oral and transdermal administration of lipopolysaccharide safely enhances self-healing ability through the macrophage network.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Association between asthma and periodontitis: A case-control analysis of risk factors, related medications, and allergic responses.Journal of periodontal research · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Postulated by Strachan more than 30 years ago, the Hygiene Hypothesis has undergone many revisions and adaptations. This review journeys back to the beginnings of the Hygiene Hypothesis and describes the most important landmarks in its development considering the many aspects that have refined and generalized the Hygiene Hypothesis over time. From an epidemiological perspective, the Hygiene Hypothesis advanced to a comprehensive concept expanding beyond the initial focus on allergies. The Hygiene Hypothesis comprise immunological, microbiological and evolutionary aspects. Thus, the original postulate developed into a holistic model that explains the impact of post-modern life-style on humans, who initially evolved in close proximity to a more natural environment. Focusing on diet and the microbiome as the most prominent exogenous influences we describe these discrepancies and the resulting health outcomes and point to potential solutions to reestablish the immunological homeostasis that frequently have been lost in people living in developed societies.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.