ArticleCMAJ open
Dietary gluten avoidance in Canada: a cross-sectional study using survey data.
Article in CMAJ open. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed, 10 citations in OpenAlex.
- Obstetrical outcomes in pregnant patients following a gluten-free diet: A prospective cohort study.International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics · 2026Article
- Reported Availability, Additional Cost and Use of Methods to Limit Cross-Contact of Gluten-Free Foods in Restaurants in a Canadian Large Urban Centre.Journal of human nutrition and dietetics : the official journal of the British Dietetic Association · 2026Article
- Beliefs and behaviours associated with vegetarian, vegan, and gluten-free diets among Canadians capable of bearing children.Journal of nutritional science · 2025Article
- Gluten-Free Product Recalls and Their Impact on Consumer Trust.Nutrients · 2023Article
- Examining differences in diet quality between Canadian Indigenous and non-Indigenous adults: results from the 2004 and 2015 Canadian Community Health Survey Nutrition Surveys.Canadian journal of public health = Revue canadienne de sante publique · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundA gluten-free diet (GFD) is required for the management of some conditions, whereas some Canadians may follow a GFD for discretionary reasons. We sought to estimate the prevalence of Canadians who adhere to a GFD, identify factors associated with adherence to a GFD, and describe and compare the location of food preparation and consumption for those who follow a GFD, those who report no dietary avoidances and those reporting other dietary avoidances.
methodsWe used cross-sectional data from the 2015 Canadian Community Health Survey - Nutrition (
resultsAn estimated 1.9% of Canadians follow a GFD. Women had 2 times higher odds (odds ratio [OR] 2.08, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.32 to 3.27) of reporting a GFD than men. After adjustment for income adequacy, household education, sex, age group and ethnicity, residents of Ontario and Quebec had about half the odds (OR 0.52, 95% CI 0.31 to 0.87, and OR 0.55, 95% CI 0.32 to 0.94, respectively) of reporting a GFD compared with residents of Atlantic Canada. Canadians who followed a GFD consumed significantly fewer calories from foods prepared at restaurants than both Canadians who reported no dietary avoidances and those who reported dietary avoidances other than gluten. Canadians following a GFD reported that 2.0% (95% CI 1.1% to 2.9%) of their daily kilocalories were from foods prepared at restaurants, compared with 6.7% (95% CI 5.4% to 7.9%) for Canadians reporting 1 or more dietary avoidances other than gluten, and 6.4% (95% CI 6.0% to 6.9%) for those reporting no avoidances.
interpretationThe estimated 1.9% prevalence of dietary gluten avoidance likely includes individuals with celiac disease, wheat allergies and nonceliac gluten sensitivity, as well as individuals excluding gluten in the management of irritable bowel syndrome or for reasons related to dietary trends. Canadians eating GFDs consume fewer daily calories from restaurant-prepared foods than other Canadians, which may have social implications.
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