Evidence map›Paper›PMID 33794006›Full record

ArticleDiabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association2021

Cost considerations for adoption of diabetes technology are pervasive: A qualitative study of persons living with type 1 diabetes and their families.

Ananta Addala, Sakinah C Suttiratana, Jessie J Wong, Monica S Lanning, Katharine D Barnard, Jill Weissberg-Benchell, Lori M Laffel, Korey K Hood, Diana Naranjo

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
23citing papers in PubMed, 3 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

23 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Guideline
  3. Pooled it
  4. Trial
  5. Review
  6. Article
  7. Article
  8. Article
  9. Review
  10. Important Continuous Glucose Monitoring Attributes for Patients With Type 2 Diabetes.Clinical diabetes : a publication of the American Diabetes Association · 2025
    Article
  11. Review
  12. Article
  13. Development of a Diabetes Navigator Toolkit to Support Diabetes Technology Uptake: The IMPACT Toolkit.Clinical diabetes : a publication of the American Diabetes Association · 2025
    Article
  14. Improving equity in diabetes technology use: Voices of youth and their parents.Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association · 2024
    Article
  15. Review
  16. Article
  17. Article
  18. Article
  19. Article
  20. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Ananta AddalaDepartment of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-0508-4309
Sakinah C SuttiratanaDepartment of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA.
Jessie J WongDepartment of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-2093-4647
Monica S LanningDepartment of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Katharine D BarnardBournemouth University, Bournemouth, UK.
Jill Weissberg-BenchellDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-4396-6337
Lori M LaffelHarvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-2202-492X
Korey K HoodDepartment of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Diana NaranjoDepartment of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.

Funding

SPECIAL ASSAY COREP30DK036836 · NIDDK · JOSLIN DIABETES CENTER · PI Alessandro Doria · 1986 to 2026
$50.5M
Research Design, Data, and Analytics CoreP30DK092949 · NIDDK · UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO · PI Ronald T. Ackermann, MARSHALL H CHIN · 2011 to 2026
$10.0M
Training Research Leaders in Type 1 DiabetesK12DK122550 · NIDDK · STANFORD UNIVERSITY · PI MAAHS, DAVID MATTHEW · 2019 to 2023
$2.1M
NIDDK NIH HHS K12 DK122550NIDDK NIH HHS P30 DK036836NIDDK NIH HHS P30 DK092949
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundCost is a major consideration in the uptake and continued use of diabetes technology. With increasing use of automated insulin delivery systems, it is important to understand the specific cost-related barriers to technology adoption. In this qualitative analysis, we were interested in understanding and examining the decision-making process around cost and diabetes technology use. MATERIALS AND

methodsFour raters coded transcripts of four stakeholder groups using inductive coding for each stakeholder group to establish relevant themes/nodes. We applied the Social Ecological Model in the interpretation of five thematic levels of cost.

resultsWe identified five thematic levels of cost: policy, organizational, insurance, interpersonal and individual. Equitable diabetes technology access was an important policy-level theme. The insurance-level theme had multiple subthemes which predominantly carried a negative valence. Participants also emphasized the psychosocial burden of cost specifically identifying diabetes costs to their families, the guilt of diabetes related costs, and frustration in the time and involvement required to ensure insurance coverage.

conclusionWe found broad consensus in how cost is experienced by stakeholder groups. Cost considerations for diabetes technology uptake extended beyond finances to include time, cost to society, morality and interpersonal relationships. Cost also reflected an important moral principle tied to the shared desire for equitable access to diabetes technology. Knowledge of these considerations can help clinicians and researchers promote equitable device uptake while anticipating barriers for all persons living with type 1 diabetes and their families.

Indexed as

Cost of IllnessHealth Care CostsDecision MakingDiabetes Mellitus, Type 1FamilyFrustrationInsulin Infusion SystemsInsurance CoverageInterpersonal RelationsQualitative Researchautomated insulin deliverydiabetes technologypsychosocial barriersqualitative research

Identifiers

PMID33794006
PMCPMC9088880

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceTDM
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.