SynthesisPloS one2021
The efficacy of Personalized Normative Feedback interventions across addictions: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in PloS one, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 43 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
43 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Personalized Feedback Interventions for Indicated Prevention of Gambling Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Journal of gambling studies · 2025Pooled it
- Which interventions for alcohol use should be included in a universal healthcare benefit package? An umbrella review of targeted interventions to address harmful drinking and dependence.BMC public health · 2023Pooled it
- A Systematic Review of Internet Delivered Interventions for Gambling: Prevention, Harm Reduction and Early Intervention.Journal of gambling studies · 2022Pooled it
- Evaluating the Efficacy of Electronic Screening, Brief Intervention, and Referral to Treatment (e-SBIRT) for Gambling: An Online Pilot Randomised Trial.Journal of clinical psychology · 2026Trial
- A randomized controlled trial of a brief online intervention to reduce alcohol misuse and promote treatment initiation among veterans.Journal of consulting and clinical psychology · 2026Trial
- Four-Year Effects of a Computer-Based Brief Alcohol Intervention Targeting Alcohol Users in the General Population: Randomized Controlled Trial.Journal of medical Internet research · 2025Trial
- Trial
- Pilot randomized controlled trial of a tailored personalized normative feedback intervention for college student alcohol use.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2025Trial
- Are online norms-based alcohol interventions efficacious for college students with higher social anxiety?Alcohol, clinical & experimental research · 2025Trial
- Effects of personalized and normative feedback via the Positive Play Quiz on responsible gambling intention, self-efficacy and behavior: A randomized controlled trial.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2025Trial
- Smartphone-Based Intervention Targeting Norms and Risk Perception Among University Students with Unhealthy Alcohol Use: Secondary Mediation Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial.Journal of medical Internet research · 2025Trial
- Injunctive social norms and perceived message tailoring are associated with health information seeking.Journal of behavioral medicine · 2024Trial
- Peer-led BASICS intervention to reduce alcohol consumption and alcohol-related consequences among university students: a randomized controlled trial.Frontiers in public health · 2023Trial
- Digital Intervention Components for Preventing and Reducing Substance Use in Adolescents and Emerging Adults: A Comprehensive Scoping Review.Journal of prevention (2022) · 2026Article
- The feasibility and acceptability of Live Free From E-Cigarettes (LIFFE): A web-based vaping intervention and smoking prevention program for young adults.Psychology of addictive behaviors : journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors · 2026Article
- Social context of drinking moderates associations between descriptive norms and alcohol consumption among college students during the COVID-19 pandemic.Journal of American college health : J of ACH · 2026Article
- Low-burden preventative digital mental health interventions for first-year college students: A pilot feasibility microrandomized trial.Internet interventions · 2026Article
- Online Personalized Normative Feedback to Foster Intention to Change and Help Seeking in Young Adults With Disordered Gambling and Trading Behaviors: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial.JMIR research protocols · 2026Article
- Across the Bettor-Verse: an Open Banking Perspective on Gambling in the United Kingdom.Journal of gambling studies · 2025Article
- "Drink like a man!" masculine drinking norms, alcohol protective behavioral strategies, and severity of hazardous alcohol use among college men.Journal of counseling psychology · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Personalized Normative Feedback (PNF) may help address addictive disorders. PNF highlights discrepancies between perceived and actual peer norms, juxtaposed against self-reported behavior. PNF can be self-directed and cost-efficient. Our study estimates the efficacy of PNF alone, and in combination with other self-directed interventions, to address frequency and symptom severity of hazardous alcohol use, problem gambling, illicit drug and tobacco use. We searched electronic databases, grey literature, and reference lists of included articles, for randomized controlled trials published in English (January 2000-August 2019). We assessed study quality using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool. Thirty-four studies met inclusion criteria (k = 28 alcohol, k = 3 gambling, k = 3 cannabis, k = 0 tobacco). Thirty studies provided suitable data for meta-analyses. PNF alone, and with additional interventions, reduced short-term alcohol frequency and symptom severity. PNF with additional interventions reduced short-term gambling symptom severity. Effect sizes were small. PNF did not alter illicit drug use. Findings highlight the efficacy of PNF to address alcohol frequency and symptom severity. The limited number of studies suggest further research is needed to ascertain the efficacy of PNF for gambling and illicit drug use. Cost-effectiveness analyses are required to determine the scale of PNF needed to justify its use in various settings.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.