ArticlePloS one2021
Sensitization or inoculation: Investigating the effects of early adversity on personality traits and stress experiences in adulthood.
Article in PloS one, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed.
- The Long Reach of Unemployment: Sensitizing or Inoculating Employee Reactions to Job Insecurity?Journal of business and psychology · 2026Article
- Trends over 45 years in personality traits among older populations.The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences · 2025Article
- Investigating the role of chronic stress and perceived discrimination in racial disparities in incident dementia among U.S. older adults.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2025Article
- Emotional Competences in Adolescents Exposed to Colombian Armed Conflict During Their Childhood.Journal of child & adolescent trauma · 2024Article
- Do Adverse Childhood Experiences Modify the Association Between Disaster-Related Trauma and Cognitive Disability?American journal of epidemiology · 2024Article
- Resilience to stress across the lifespan: Childhood maltreatment, heart rate variability, and bereavement.Psychology and aging · 2023Article
- Understanding the impact of exposure to adverse socioeconomic conditions on chronic stress from a complexity science perspective.BMC medicine · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Cumulative evidence has been found for the associations between personality traits and stress experiences in adulthood. However, less is known about the moderating mechanisms underlying these associations. The present study tested whether the stress sensitization and stress inoculation hypotheses could be applied to the relationship between early adversity and personality in adulthood. Specifically, we tested the linear and curvilinear relations between early adversity (measured retrospectively) and adulthood personality traits, as well as the linear and curvilinear moderating effects of early adversity on the associations between adulthood stress and personality traits. Samples of older adults from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS; N = 6098) and middle-aged adults from the Midlife in the United States Survey (MIDUS; N = 6186) were used. Across the two samples, positive linear associations were found between retrospective early adversity and neuroticism. The results also suggested significant linear effects of early adversity on the association between ongoing chronic stressors and neuroticism such that individuals with moderate exposure to early adversity showed stronger associations between ongoing chronic stressors and neuroticism. Results from the current research were more in line with the stress sensitization model. No support was found for the stress inoculation effects on personality.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.