ReviewCirculation research2021
Hypertension: Do Inflammation and Immunity Hold the Key to Solving this Epidemic?
Review in Circulation research, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 121 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
121 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 197 citations in OpenAlex.
- Correlation analysis of systemic immune inflammation index with the occurrence and clinical outcomes of hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Incidence and risk factors of asymptomatic bacteriuria in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis.Endocrine · 2023Pooled it
- Comparison of Novel Systemic Inflammatory Indices for Identification of Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Hypertensive Patients: A Large-Scale Cross-Sectional Study in China.Journal of cardiovascular development and disease · 2026Article
- Treprostinil reduces blood pressure and aortic inflammation in hypertension.Clinical science (London, England : 1979) · 2026Article
- Regulatory T cells in cancer and inflammation.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Review
- Nanoadjuvant-integrated organic biomaterials for immune engineering: Mechanisms, design strategies, and translational applications.Materials today. Bio · 2026Review
- Shared Genetics of Hypertension and Preeclampsia Converges on Immune Regulation.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- The mediating effect of immune-inflammatory indices in shift work and hypertension: a cohort study in China.Scandinavian journal of work, environment & health · 2026Article
- The association between pro-inflammatory diet and incidence of hypertension: a prospective cohort study.Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension · 2026Article
- The Relationship Between Atrial Fibrillation and the Systemic Immune Inflammation Index in Well-Controlled Hypertensive Patients with Newly Developed Atrial Fibrillation.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Hypertension is a marker of the micro-epidemiologic transition in ageing HIV populations in Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania (AFRICOS, 2013-2023).BMC public health · 2026Article
- Hypertension-Induced Renal Injury: From Pathophysiology to Therapeutic Perspectives.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- MyD88 in myeloid cells drives angiotensin II-induced vascular inflammation, is associated with prevalent heart failure, and predicts all-cause mortality in arterial hypertension.European heart journal open · 2026Article
- The sphingolipid metabolite sphingosine protects against hypertension by targeting metabolic-inflammatory crosstalk via the NLRP3 inflammasome.International journal of cardiology. Cardiovascular risk and prevention · 2026Article
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- The gut-heart axis in heart failure: from bidirectional pathophysiological mechanisms to integrative therapeutic strategies.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Review
- Systemic immune-inflammation Index and blood pressure control are independent and interactive predictors of atrial fibrillation recurrence after ablation.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2026Article
- Observational
- Pathogenic and clinical significance of inflammation-associated MicroRNAs in cardiovascular diseases.Molecular biology reports · 2025Review
61 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
13 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Elevated cardiovascular risk including stroke, heart failure, and heart attack is present even after normalization of blood pressure in patients with hypertension. Underlying immune cell activation is a likely culprit. Although immune cells are important for protection against invading pathogens, their chronic overactivation may lead to tissue damage and high blood pressure. Triggers that may initiate immune activation include viral infections, autoimmunity, and lifestyle factors such as excess dietary salt. These conditions activate the immune system either directly or through their impact on the gut microbiome, which ultimately produces chronic inflammation and hypertension. T cells are central to the immune responses contributing to hypertension. They are activated in part by binding specific antigens that are presented in major histocompatibility complex molecules on professional antigen-presenting cells, and they generate repertoires of rearranged T-cell receptors. Activated T cells infiltrate tissues and produce cytokines including interleukin 17A, which promote renal and vascular dysfunction and end-organ damage leading to hypertension. In this comprehensive review, we highlight environmental, genetic, and microbial associated mechanisms contributing to both innate and adaptive immune cell activation leading to hypertension. Targeting the underlying chronic immune cell activation in hypertension has the potential to mitigate the excess cardiovascular risk associated with this common and deadly disease.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.