ArticleJAMA network open2021
Trends in Blood Pressure and Hypertension Among US Children and Adolescents, 1999-2018.
Article in JAMA network open, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 76 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
76 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Non-linear effect of physical activity intervention on blood pressure in children and adolescents: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis.BMC public health · 2025Pooled it
- Maternal smoking in pregnancy and blood pressure during childhood and adolescence: a meta-analysis.European journal of pediatrics · 2023Pooled it
- Exploring Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Outcomes Following Pediatric Cardiac Surgery: A NEPHRON Study Analysis.Pediatric cardiology · 2026Article
- Beyond genetics: how environmental stressors drive pediatric hypertension risk.Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) · 2026Review
- Racial Differences in Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes and Incident Hypertension: A Mediation Analysis.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2026Article
- Early life factors, blood pressure percentile trajectories, and elevated blood pressure in children.Pediatric research · 2026Article
- Trends and risk factors of hypertension in US Children and Adolescents, 1999-2023.Journal of human hypertension · 2026Observational
- Obesity and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors Among Pediatric Patients at a Mississippi Academic Medical Center.American journal of health promotion : AJHP · 2026Observational
- Arsenic species and lipid metabolism under low-to-moderate arsenic exposure: evidence from NHANES and a Chinese adult population.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Article
- Cardiometabolic Health in Children with Pre-existing Dyslipidemia: Trends and Disparities.Pediatric cardiology · 2026Article
- Article
- Over-the-counter access to combined oral contraceptives for individuals with hypertension: an expert review.American journal of preventive cardiology · 2025Review
- Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease Events and Deaths Among Black Adults Via Systolic Blood Pressure Equity.JAMA network open · 2025Article
- Challenges in blood pressure measurement in children with obesity: focus on the cuff.Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) · 2025Review
- Preconception and Prenatal Medicaid Coverage for Medicaid-Insured Births.Journal of women's health (2002) · 2025Article
- History of Hypertension From Childhood and Fasting Blood Glucose Levels in Adulthood: The Bogalusa Study.Journal of diabetes · 2025Article
- Prevalence of and factors influencing elevated blood pressure among Chinese adolescents: a cross-sectional study.BMJ open · 2025Article
- Prematurity, Neonatal Complications, and the Development of Childhood Hypertension.JAMA network open · 2025Article
- School Provision of Universal Free Meals and Blood Pressure Outcomes Among Youths.JAMA network open · 2025Article
- Article
16 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Importance: Higher blood pressure (BP) levels in children are associated with an increased risk for hypertension and subclinical cardiovascular disease in adulthood. Identifying trends in BP could inform the need for interventions to lower BP. Objective: To determine whether systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) levels among US children have changed during the past 20 years. Design, Setting, and Participants: This serial cross-sectional analysis of National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data included 9117 children aged 8 to 12 years and 10 156 adolescents aged 13 to 17 years, weighted to the US population from 1999-2002 to 2015-2018. Data were collected from March 1999 to December 2018 and analyzed from March 26, 2020, to February 2, 2021. Exposures: Calendar year. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcomes were mean SBP and mean DBP. Results: A total of 19 273 participants were included in the analysis. Among children aged 8 to 12 years in 2015-2018 (mean age, 10.5 [95% CI, 10.5-10.6] years), 48.7% (95% CI, 45.2%-52.2%) were girls and 51.3% (95% CI, 47.8%-54.8%) were boys; 49.7% (95% CI, 42.2%-57.1%) were non-Hispanic White; 13.7% (95% CI, 10.3%-18.1%) were non-Hispanic Black; 25.5% (95% CI, 19.9%-32.0%) were Hispanic; 4.7% (95% CI, 3.2%-6.7%) were non-Hispanic Asian; and 6.5% (95% CI, 4.9%-8.5%) were other non-Hispanic race/ethnicity. Among those aged 13 to 17 years in 2015-2018 (mean age, 15.5 [95% CI, 15.5-15.5] years), 49.1% (95% CI, 46.1%-52.2%) were girls and 50.9% (95% CI, 47.8%-53.9%) were boys; 53.3% (95% CI, 46.4%-60.1%) were non-Hispanic White; 13.9% (95% CI, 10.3%-18.7%) were non-Hispanic Black; 21.9% (95% CI, 16.6%-28.2%) were Hispanic; 4.6% (95% CI, 3.2%-6.5%) were non-Hispanic Asian; and 6.3% (95% CI, 4.7%-8.5%) were other non-Hispanic race/ethnicity. Among children aged 8 to 12 years, age-adjusted mean SBP decreased from 102.4 (95% CI, 101.7-103.1) mm Hg in 1999-2002 to 101.5 (95% CI, 100.8-102.2) mm Hg in 2011-2014 and then increased to 102.5 (95% CI, 101.9-103.2) mm Hg in 2015-2018. Age-adjusted mean DBP decreased from 57.2 (95% CI, 56.5-58.0) mm Hg in 1999-2002 to 51.9 (95% CI, 50.1-53.7) mm Hg in 2011-2014 and increased to 53.2 (95% CI, 52.2-54.1) mm Hg in 2015-2018. Among adolescents aged 13 to 17 years, age-adjusted mean SBP decreased from 109.2 (95% CI, 108.7-109.7) mm Hg in 1999-2002 to 108.4 (95% CI, 107.8-109.1) mm Hg in 2011-2014 and remained unchanged in 2015-2018 (108.4 [95% CI, 107.8-109.1] mm Hg). Mean DBP decreased from 62.6 (95% CI, 61.7-63.5) mm Hg in 1999-2002 to 59.6 (95% CI, 58.2-60.9) mm Hg in 2011-2014 and then increased to 60.8 (95% CI, 59.8-61.7) mm Hg in 2015-2018. Among children aged 8 to 12 years, mean SBP was 3.2 (95% CI, 1.7-4.6) mm Hg higher among those with overweight and 6.8 (95% CI, 5.6-8.1) mm Hg higher among those with obesity compared with normal weight; mean DBP was 3.2 (95% CI, 0.7-5.6) mm Hg higher among those with overweight and 3.5 (95% CI, 1.9- 5.1) mm Hg higher among those with obesity compared with normal weight. Among adolescents aged 13 to 17 years, mean SBP was 3.5 (95% CI 1.9-5.1) mm Hg higher among those with overweight and 6.6 (95% CI, 5.2-8.0) mm Hg higher among those with obesity compared with normal weight, 4.8 (95% CI, 3.8-5.8) mm Hg higher among boys compared with girls, and 3.0 (95% CI, 1.7-4.3) mm Hg higher among non-Hispanic Black compared with non-Hispanic White participants. Conclusions and Relevance: Despite an overall decline in mean SBP and DBP from 1999-2002 to 2015-2018, BP levels among children and adolescents may have increased from 2011-2014 to 2015-2018.
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