ArticleFuture healthcare journal2021
Patients or passports? The 'hostile environment' in the NHS.
Article in Future healthcare journal, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Comparing cancer stage at diagnosis between migrants and non-migrants: a meta-analysis.British journal of cancer · 2025Pooled it
- Article
- The representation of migrants in policy and parliament: A Bacchian analysis of the UK's immigration health surcharge.Critical social policy · 2026Article
- Effects of UK hostile environment policies on maternity care for refugees, asylum seekers, and undocumented migrants in Camden: Examining the experiences of healthcare professionals and community organisations.Journal of migration and health · 2025Article
- Working in partnership with people from under-represented groups to develop person-centred social and health care practices: methodological insights from the CICADA study.Frontiers in health services · 2025Article
- Migrant-sensitive healthcare in Europe: advancing health equity through accessibility, acceptability, quality, and trust.The Lancet regional health. Europe · 2024Review
- The hostile environment in primary care: Qualitative analysis of a cross sectional survey of health care professionals in primary care.Journal of migration and health · 2024Article
- Tackling health inequalities and promoting prevention: If not now, then when?Future healthcare journal · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Throughout the pandemic, the NHS has continued to charge certain patients for their care based on their immigration status and to report patients with outstanding debt to the Home Office. Research has consistently shown that these policies act as a significant barrier to healthcare access for already minoritised communities, and that during the pandemic patients have remained fearful and reluctant to seek care due to charging, including care for 'exempt' conditions such as COVID-19. Charging policies, and associated data sharing, represent only one of the myriad ways in which structural and 'every day' racism operate to impact health; however, they undoubtedly form a part of the picture as to why COVID-19 has disproportionately affected many minoritised communities.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.