ArticleCurrent epidemiology reports2020
Difference-in-Difference in the Time of Cholera: a Gentle Introduction for Epidemiologists.
Article in Current epidemiology reports, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- The effectiveness of new urban trail infrastructure on physical activity and active transportation: a systematic review and meta-analysis of natural experiments.The international journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity · 2025Pooled it
- Exploring Sexually Transmitted and Bloodborne Infection Rates in Florida After Implementation of Syringe Services Programs: A Quasi-Experimental Study.AJPM focus · 2026Article
- Flubendazole reduces emerging Dracunculus medinensis in dogs in Chad: Results from a two-year study.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2026Article
- Causal Inference in Clinical Research: A Primer.Journal of periodontal research · 2026Review
- Effect of eHealth intervention (ADHERE) on adherence to partograph and WHO safe childbirth checklist in intrapartum care: implementation research in Ethiopia.Reproductive health · 2026Article
- Targeted Regulation of Abortion Providers Laws and Pregnancies Conceived Through Fertility Treatment.JAMA health forum · 2026Article
- Understanding inequitable health care: methodological approaches, challenges, and opportunities.American journal of epidemiology · 2025Article
- Difference-in-Differences for Health Policy and Practice: A Review of Modern Methods.Statistics in medicine · 2025Review
- Considerations for the epidemiological evaluation of hyperlocal interventions: A case study of the New York City overdose prevention centers.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2025Article
- Impact of incident rheumatoid arthritis on earnings: a nationwide sibling comparison study.Rheumatology (Oxford, England) · 2025Article
- Quasi-experimental methods for pharmacoepidemiology: difference-in-differences and synthetic control methods with case studies for vaccine evaluation.American journal of epidemiology · 2024Article
- Effectiveness of the Addressing Reproductive Coercion in Health Settings (ARCHES) intervention among abortion clients in Bangladesh: a cluster-randomized controlled trial.EClinicalMedicine · 2024Article
- Evaluating Effects of Multilevel Interventions on Disparity in Health and Healthcare Decisions.Prevention science : the official journal of the Society for Prevention Research · 2024Article
- Single proxy control.Biometrics · 2024Article
- Hospital services utilisation and cost before and after COVID-19 hospital treatment: Evidence from Indonesia.PloS one · 2024Article
- A comparison of quasi-experimental methods with data before and after an intervention: an introduction for epidemiologists and a simulation study.International journal of epidemiology · 2023Article
- Mathematical Models for Cholera Dynamics-A Review.Microorganisms · 2022Review
- WIC benefits and evaluation challenges.Paediatric and perinatal epidemiology · 2022Article
- Medicaid Expansion and Contraceptive Use Among Female High-School Students.American journal of preventive medicine · 2022Article
- The feasibility of academic detailing for acute oral pain management in outpatient dentistry: A pilot study.Journal of the American Pharmacists Association : JAPhAArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
purpose of reviewThe goal of this article is to provide an introduction to the intuition behind the difference-in-difference method for epidemiologists. We focus on the theoretical aspects of this tool, including the types of questions for which difference-in-difference is appropriate, and what assumptions must hold for the results to be causally interpretable. RECENT
findingsWhile currently under-utilized in epidemiologic research, the difference-in-difference method is a useful tool to examine effects of population-level exposures, but relies on strong assumptions. SUMMARY: We use the famous example of John Snow's investigation of the cause of cholera mortality in London to illustrate the difference-in-difference approach and corresponding assumptions. We conclude by arguing that this method deserves a second-look from epidemiologists interested in asking causal questions about the impact of a population-level exposure change on a population-level outcome for the group that experienced the change.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.