ArticleFrontiers in endocrinology2021
The Relationship Between Circulating Growth Differentiation Factor 15 Levels and Diabetic Retinopathy in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes.
Article in Frontiers in endocrinology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT07237464 (A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Dose-Escalation Phase I Trial to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Immunogenicity of GB18 Following Single Subcutaneous Injection in Healthy Adult Participants), which is not on this map. Cited by 14 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Dose-Escalation Phase I Trial to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Immunogenicity of GB18 Following Single Subcutaneous Injection in Healthy Adult Participants
Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 18 citations in OpenAlex.
- Review
- Growth Differentiation Factor-15 as a Biomarker of Diabetic Complications in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- GDF15: A Novel Insight Into Its Biology and Therapeutic Potential in Obesity.Journal of diabetes research · 2026Review
- GDF15 as a sentinel of metabolic integrity: a narrative review of stress signaling, multisystem pathophysiology, and therapeutic potential.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Review
- The value of growth differentiation factor 15 as a biomarker for peripheral artery disease in diabetes patients.Diabetology & metabolic syndrome · 2025Article
- Study on the Correlation Between GDF-15 Levels and a Diagnostic Model for Diabetic Retinopathy.Journal of diabetes research · 2025Article
- Health implications of racial differences in serum growth differentiation factor levels among men with obesity.Physiological reports · 2024Article
- Microvascular destabilization and intricated network of the cytokines in diabetic retinopathy: from the perspective of cellular and molecular components.Cell & bioscience · 2024Review
- TGF-β Signaling Pathways in the Development of Diabetic Retinopathy.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Role of growth differentiation factor 15 in cancer cachexia (Review).Oncology letters · 2023Review
- Elucidating glial responses to products of diabetes-associated systemic dyshomeostasis.Progress in retinal and eye research · 2023Review
- Serum growth differentiation factor-15 levels are associated with the severity of diabetic foot ulcer.Hormones (Athens, Greece) · 2022Article
- Circulating Growth Differentiation Factor 15 Is Associated with Diabetic Neuropathy.Journal of clinical medicine · 2022Article
- GDF15: a potential therapeutic target for type 1 diabetes.Expert opinion on therapeutic targets · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Objective: Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) is a member of the TGF- Materials/Methods: A case-control study was performed in which 402 patients with type 2 diabetes were enrolled. Of these, 171 patients had DR and the remaining 231 patients without DR acted as controls. The plasma GDF-15 levels were measured using ELISA, while DR was diagnosed using the canon ophthalmic digital imaging system and the Canon EOS 10D digital camera (Canon, Tokyo, Japan) through a non-pharmacologically dilated pupil. Results: The levels of GDF-15 were significantly higher in patients with DR [168.9 (112.9-228.3) pg/ml Conclusions: The circulating GDF-15 levels are positively associated with DR independent of potential cofounders.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.