ReviewDrug design, development and therapy2021
Application of Topical Immunotherapy in the Treatment of Alopecia Areata: A Review and Update.
Review in Drug design, development and therapy, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 40 citations in OpenAlex.
- Comorbidities in primary cicatricial alopecia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Pooled it
- Vitamin D deficiency in non-scarring and scarring alopecias: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in nutrition · 2024Pooled it
- Laser and light therapy combined with topical minoxidil for alopecia areata: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Lasers in medical science · 2023Pooled it
- Platelet-rich plasma in alopecia areata and primary cicatricial alopecias: A systematic review.Frontiers in medicine · 2022Pooled it
- Tackling cutaneous herpes simplex virus disease with topical immunomodulators-a call to action.Clinical microbiology reviews · 2025Review
- From mechanisms to therapies: current advances breakthroughs in alopecia areata immunopathology.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Treatment outcomes and considerations for topical immunotherapy in patients with alopecia totalis and alopecia universalis.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
- Topical immunotherapy with diphenylcyclopropenone in paediatric patients with alopecia areata-A retrospective study of 97 patients.Skin health and disease · 2024Article
- Factors Affecting the Response and Patient Satisfaction of Topical Immunotherapy in Alopecia Areata: A Nationwide Study.Annals of dermatology · 2024Article
- Lichen Sclerosus of the Labial Mucosa: A Case Report and Literature Review.Clinical, cosmetic and investigational dermatology · 2024Article
- Review
- Trichoscopic Features of Syphilitic Alopecia and Alopecia Areata: A Comparative Study.Clinical, cosmetic and investigational dermatology · 2023Article
- Intramuscular Corticosteroid Therapy in the Treatment of Alopecia Areata: A Time-to-Event Analysis.Drug design, development and therapy · 2022Article
- Alopecia Areata: An Autoimmune Disease of Multiple Players.ImmunoTargets and therapy · 2021Review
- Prevalence and Risk Factors Associated with the Occurrence of Autoimmune Diseases in Patients with Alopecia Areata.Journal of inflammation research · 2021Article
- Treatment Response to Diphenylcyclopropenone in Patients with Alopecia Totalis/Universalis.International journal of trichologyArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Treatment of extensive or recalcitrant alopecia areata (AA) is a major clinical challenge. Even after thorough investigation of several medications, its treatment outcomes have remained unsatisfactory. While there is no US Food and Drug Administration-approved medication for AA yet, topical immunotherapy has been a well-documented treatment option. Dinitrochlorobenzene, squaric acid dibutylester, and diphenylcyclopropenone are three substances that have demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of extensive or recalcitrant AA. Despite being commonly used, the mechanism underlying topical immunotherapy is not well-elucidated and a wide range of clinical efficacies have been reported in the literature. The aim of this review was to summarize and update the pharmacology, mechanism of action, therapeutic efficacy, and tolerability of topical immunotherapy in the treatment of AA.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.