How to create PICO questions about diagnostic tests.

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

Who cites it

20 citing papers in PubMed, 8 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

1. Blood-based biomarkers for early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: a current systematic review of diagnostic accuracy studies.BMC neurology · 2026
   Pooled it
2. Diagnostic accuracy of non-invasive modalities for laryngotracheal stenosis: A systematic review and meta-Analysis.European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery · 2026
   Pooled it
3. Diagnostic accuracy of physical examination tests for painful cervical radiculopathy: update of a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC musculoskeletal disorders · 2026
   Pooled it
4. Performance of Diagnostic Breast Imaging in Symptomatic Pregnant and Lactating Patients: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Radiology. Imaging cancer · 2025
   Pooled it
5. The role of SPECT/CT in painful, noninfected knees after knee arthroplasty: a systematic review and meta-analysis-a diagnostic test accuracy review.Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research · 2023
   Pooled it
6. Executive summary: Italian guidelines for diagnosis, risk stratification, and care continuity of fragility fractures 2021.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2023
   Pooled it
7. Metabolomic Biomarkers to Predict and Diagnose Cystic Fibrosis Pulmonary Exacerbations: A Systematic Review.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2022
   Pooled it
8. Performance and Characteristics of Wearable Sensor Systems Discriminating and Classifying Older Adults According to Fall Risk: A Systematic Review.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021
   Pooled it
9. Ten Recommendations for Modelling Cost Effectiveness of Screening: Perspectives of an International Stakeholder Group.PharmacoEconomics · 2026
   Review
10. Development and Preliminary Validation of the Chinese Medicine Interventional Clinical Trials Research Question Importance Tool (CMICT-RQIT).Journal of evidence-based medicine · 2026
    Article
11. Salivary MicroRNAs as Potential Noninvasive Biomarkers for the Diagnosis of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: Protocol for a Scoping Review.JMIR research protocols · 2025
    Article
12. The Diagnostic Blind Spot in Early Medical Education.Family medicine · 2025
    Article
13. Clinical Questions Addressed by First-Year Medical Students in Primary Care: A Cross-Sectional Study.Family medicine · 2025
    Article
14. Accuracy of online symptom assessment applications, large language models, and laypeople for self-triage decisions.NPJ digital medicine · 2025
    Article
15. PRIDASE 2024 guidelines for reporting diagnostic accuracy studies in endodontics: Explanation and elaboration.International endodontic journal · 2025
    Article
16. How to Design a Study and Write a Grant in Radiology?The Indian journal of radiology & imaging · 2025
    Article
17. Respiratory Syncytial Virus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Tomographic Findings (2000-2022).Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023
    Review
18. Prediction of medical sciences students' performance on high-stakes examinations using machine learning models: a protocol for a systematic review.BMJ open · 2023
    Article
19. Clinical Sensor-Based Fall Risk Assessment at an Orthopedic Clinic: A Case Study of the Staff's Views on Utility and Effectiveness.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023
    Review
20. Potential Use of Exhaled Breath Condensate for Diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 Infections: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022
    Review

Corrections and comments

• Commented on by
  Replacing PICO in non-interventional studies.2023

Authors and funding

1 author.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

Abstract

PubMed holds no abstract for this paper.

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