Observational studyBMJ (Clinical research ed.)2021
Post-covid syndrome in individuals admitted to hospital with covid-19: retrospective cohort study.
Observational study in BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 409 papers, 8 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
409 citing papers in PubMed, 8 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 827 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prevalence of new-onset diabetes following COVID-19 infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2026Pooled it
- New onset of type 1 and type 2 diabetes post-COVID-19 infection: a systematic review.Emerging microbes & infections · 2025Pooled it
- Cardiovascular outcomes in long COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Liver injury in post-acute COVID-19 syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis of early observational studies.Canadian liver journal · 2024Pooled it
- Lessons Learned from Model-based Economic Evaluations of COVID-19 Drug Treatments Under Pandemic Circumstances: Results from a Systematic Review.PharmacoEconomics · 2024Pooled it
- Associations between SARS-CoV-2 infection and incidence of new chronic condition diagnoses: a systematic review.Emerging microbes & infections · 2023Pooled it
- SARS-CoV-2 post-acute sequelae in previously hospitalised patients: systematic literature review and meta-analysis.European respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society · 2023Pooled it
- Risk of Incident New-Onset Arterial Hypertension After COVID-19 Recovery: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.High blood pressure & cardiovascular prevention : the official journal of the Italian Society of Hypertension · 2023Pooled it
- Integrated care pathway in individuals with Long COVID: STIMULATE-ICP, a cluster-randomized, phase 3 trial.Nature medicine · 2026Trial
- Management of long COVID-19 in children and adolescents: from diagnosis to therapeutically approaches.Annals of medicine · 2026Review
- β-Cell Dysfunction in COVID-19 and Post-COVID Syndrome: Molecular Mechanisms Linking Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Insulin Secretion.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Admission Laboratory-Based Prediction of Six-Month Mortality After COVID-19 Hospitalization: Model Development, Bootstrap Internal Validation, and Single-Center Temporal Validation.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Article
- Posterior Circulation Ischemic Stroke Occurring After ChAdOx1 nCoV-19/AZD1222 Vaccination Without Evidence of Vaccine-Induced Immune Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia: A Case Report and Focused Narrative Review.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Article
- β-Cell Dysfunction and Altered Thyroid Hormone Dynamics in Post-COVID Metabolic Disturbances: An Immunometabolic Cross-Sectional Study.Biomedicines · 2026Article
- Mental and Physical Health Predictors of Return-to-Work Outcomes among Individuals with Long COVID Symptoms.International journal of behavioral medicine · 2026Article
- Clinical characteristics and outcomes of diabetic ketoacidosis in patients with type 2 diabetes during acute systemic stress.Cardiovascular diabetology. Endocrinology reports · 2026Article
- Characteristics, all-cause healthcare resource utilisation, and costs among high-risk adults with long COVID during Omicron predominance, 2022-2023: a retrospective cohort study using UK primary care data.BMC health services research · 2026Article
- Post-acute organ complications within one year following COVID-19 hospitalization and related socioeconomic inequalities.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Long term cardiometabolic outcomes in COVID positive patients.Journal of public health research · 2026Review
349 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveTo quantify rates of organ specific dysfunction in individuals with covid-19 after discharge from hospital compared with a matched control group from the general population.
designRetrospective cohort study.
settingNHS hospitals in England.
participants47 780 individuals (mean age 65, 55% men) in hospital with covid-19 and discharged alive by 31 August 2020, exactly matched to controls from a pool of about 50 million people in England for personal and clinical characteristics from 10 years of electronic health records.
main outcome measuresRates of hospital readmission (or any admission for controls), all cause mortality, and diagnoses of respiratory, cardiovascular, metabolic, kidney, and liver diseases until 30 September 2020. Variations in rate ratios by age, sex, and ethnicity.
resultsOver a mean follow-up of 140 days, nearly a third of individuals who were discharged from hospital after acute covid-19 were readmitted (14 060 of 47 780) and more than 1 in 10 (5875) died after discharge, with these events occurring at rates four and eight times greater, respectively, than in the matched control group. Rates of respiratory disease (P<0.001), diabetes (P<0.001), and cardiovascular disease (P<0.001) were also significantly raised in patients with covid-19, with 770 (95% confidence interval 758 to 783), 127 (122 to 132), and 126 (121 to 131) diagnoses per 1000 person years, respectively. Rate ratios were greater for individuals aged less than 70 than for those aged 70 or older, and in ethnic minority groups compared with the white population, with the largest differences seen for respiratory disease (10.5 (95% confidence interval 9.7 to 11.4) for age less than 70 years
conclusionsIndividuals discharged from hospital after covid-19 had increased rates of multiorgan dysfunction compared with the expected risk in the general population. The increase in risk was not confined to the elderly and was not uniform across ethnicities. The diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of post-covid syndrome requires integrated rather than organ or disease specific approaches, and urgent research is needed to establish the risk factors.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.