Evidence map›Paper›PMID 33789771›Full record

ReviewJournal of eating disorders2021

Review: questionnaires as measures for low energy availability (LEA) and relative energy deficiency in sport (RED-S) in athletes.

Alexiaa Sim, Stephen F Burns

2 registry-linked trialsAbstract readReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in Journal of eating disorders, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 38 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
38citing papers in PubMed, 2 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT05259969 unknown statusnot on this mapstarted 2022, after this paper: background citation

Energy Availability, Eating Disorder and RED-S Risk, Health Biomarkers, Gut Microbiota Composition and Performance in Competitive Male Athletes Across the Season

TypeobservationalSponsorUniversity of PrimorskaRan2022 to 2024Enrolled25ConditionsRelative Energy Deficiency in Sport
NCT06480682 not yet recruitingnot on this mapstarted 2024, after this paper: background citation

Prevalence of Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport and Dance

TypeobservationalSponsorUniversity of WolverhamptonRan2024 to 2029Enrolled200ConditionsRelative Energy Deficiency in Sport, Bone Stress ReactionArmsDual x-ray scan, Blood screen, Questionnaires, Anthropometric measurements, Resting Metabolic rate
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

38 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

2 authors.

Alexiaa SimPhysical Education and Sports Science, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Nanyang Walk, Singapore, 637616, Singapore.
Stephen F BurnsPhysical Education and Sports Science, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Nanyang Walk, Singapore, 637616, Singapore. stephen.burns@nie.edu.sg.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7192-4735

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundA sustained mismatch between energy intake and exercise energy expenditure (EEE) can lead to Low Energy Availability (LEA), health and performance impairments characteristic of Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S). Questionnaires can conveniently identify symptoms and/or LEA/ RED-S risk factors. This study aimed to systematically identify, and critique questionnaires used or developed to measure LEA/ RED-S risk in athletic populations.

methodsA systematic search was conducted using PubMed database. Full text articles were included if: (i) the questionnaire(s) in the study identified LEA and/or RED-S risk; (ii) studies developed questionnaires to identify LEA and/or RED-S risk; (iii) participants belonged to athletic population(s); and (iv) in English.

resultsThirty-three articles met the inclusion criteria and were reviewed, 13 questionnaires were identified. Eight questionnaires had undergone validation procedures, and three questionnaires included questions related to EEE. The most widely used validated questionnaires were Low Energy Availability in Females Questionnaire (LEAF-Q) (48% articles) and Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) (12% articles). The LEAF-Q determines LEA risk from symptoms but cannot be used in males as nearly half of the items (n = 12) relate to menstrual function. The EDE-Q serves as a surrogate marker of LEA risk in both sexes, as it measures a major risk factor of LEA, disordered eating. Better validation is needed for many questionnaires and more are needed to address LEA/RED-S risk in male athletes.

conclusionThese questionnaires may be effective in identifying intentional energy restriction but less valuable in identifying inadvertently failure to increase energy intake with increased EEE.

Indexed as

Energy deficiencyFeeding and eating disorders, mental disordersFemale athlete triad syndromeLow energy availabilityRelative energy deficiency in sport

Identifiers

PMID33789771
PMCPMC8011161

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.