Evidence map›Paper›PMID 33789096›Full record

ArticleCell reports2021

Functional enhancer elements drive subclass-selective expression from mouse to primate neocortex.

John K Mich, Lucas T Graybuck, Erik E Hess, Joseph T Mahoney, Yoshiko Kojima, Yi Ding, Saroja Somasundaram, Jeremy A Miller, Brian E Kalmbach, Cristina Radaelli and 32 more

Open access · goldAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Cell reports, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 129 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
129citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
11.0field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

129 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 192 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
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  5. Review
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  14. The changing landscape of gene expression analysis.Briefings in bioinformatics · 2026
    Review
  15. Article
  16. Neuropixels reveal laminar microcircuit organization in monkey V1 in vivo.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026
    Article
  17. Article
  18. Article
  19. Article
  20. Deep learning-guided design of cell type-specific AAV promoters.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026
    Article

69 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

42 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.

John K MichAllen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA. Electronic address: johnmi@alleninstitute.org.
Lucas T GraybuckAllen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA.
Erik E HessAllen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA.
Joseph T MahoneyAllen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA.
Yoshiko KojimaWashington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
Yi DingAllen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA.
Saroja SomasundaramAllen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA.
Jeremy A MillerAllen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA.
Brian E KalmbachAllen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
Cristina RadaelliAllen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA.
Bryan B GoreAllen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA.
Natalie WeedAllen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA.
Victoria OmsteadAllen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA.
Yemeserach BishawAllen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA.
Nadiya V ShapovalovaAllen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA.
Refugio A MartinezAllen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA.
Olivia FongAllen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA.
Shenqin YaoAllen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA.
Marty MortrudAllen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA.
Peter ChongAllen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA.
Luke LoftusAllen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA.
Darren BertagnolliAllen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA.
Jeff GoldyAllen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA.
Tamara CasperAllen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA.
Nick DeeAllen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA.
Ximena Opitz-ArayaAllen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA.
Ali CetinDepartment of Biology and Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Kimberly A SmithAllen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA.
Ryder P GwinnEpilepsy Surgery and Functional Neurosurgery, Swedish Neuroscience Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.
Charles CobbsThe Ben and Catherine Ivy Center for Advanced Brain Tumor Treatment, Swedish Neuroscience Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.
Andrew L KoDepartment of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA; Regional Epilepsy Center, Harborview Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
Jeffrey G OjemannDepartment of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA; Regional Epilepsy Center, Harborview Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
C Dirk KeeneDepartment of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
Daniel L SilbergeldDepartment of Neurological Surgery and Alvord Brain Tumor Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
Susan M SunkinAllen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA.
Viviana GradinaruDivision of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
Gregory D HorwitzWashington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
Hongkui ZengAllen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA.
Bosiljka TasicAllen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA.
Ed S LeinAllen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA; Regional Epilepsy Center, Harborview Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
Jonathan T TingAllen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA; Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. Electronic address: jonathant@alleninstitute.org.
Boaz P LeviAllen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA. Electronic address: boazl@alleninstitute.org.
Allen Institute for Brain Science · USUniversity of Washington · USSwedish Medical Center · USCalifornia Institute of Technology · USStanford University · US

Funding

Washington National Primate Research CenterP51OD010425 · OD · UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON · PI Mari Ostendorf · 2012 to 2026
$201.8M
Transform Dissemination and Implementation Science in CTSA ProgramsUL1TR002319 · NCATS · UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON · PI John K. Amory · 2017 to 2026
$100.0M
Institute of Translational Health SciencesUL1TR000423 · NCATS · UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON · PI DISIS, MARY L. · 2012 to 2016
$49.4M
University of Washington Alzheimer's Disease Research CenterP30AG066509 · NIA · UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON · PI SUMAN JAYADEV · 2020 to 2026
$29.0M
Development of tools for cell-type specific labeling of human and mouse neocortical neuronsRF1MH114126 · NIMH · ALLEN INSTITUTE · PI LEIN, ED, LEVI, BOAZ PIRIE · 2017 to 2017
$4.5M
A neuronal process of the error signal that drives saccade adaptationR01EY023277 · NEI · UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON · PI KOJIMA, YOSHIKO · 2013 to 2021
$4.0M
Temporal, cell type- and locus-specific epigenetic control in transgenic miceR01DA036909 · NIDA · ALLEN INSTITUTE · PI TASIC, BOSILJKA · 2013 to 2017
$2.3M
Neural mechanisms of visual contrast sensitivityR01EY030441 · NEI · UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON · PI HORWITZ, GREGORY D · 2019 to 2023
$2.3M
NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR000423NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR002319NEI NIH HHS R01 EY023277NEI NIH HHS R01 EY030441NIA NIH HHS P30 AG066509NIDA NIH HHS R01 DA036909NIH HHS P51 OD010425NIMH NIH HHS RF1 MH114126
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Viral genetic tools that target specific brain cell types could transform basic neuroscience and targeted gene therapy. Here, we use comparative open chromatin analysis to identify thousands of human-neocortical-subclass-specific putative enhancers from across the genome to control gene expression in adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors. The cellular specificity of reporter expression from enhancer-AAVs is established by molecular profiling after systemic AAV delivery in mouse. Over 30% of enhancer-AAVs produce specific expression in the targeted subclass, including both excitatory and inhibitory subclasses. We present a collection of Parvalbumin (PVALB) enhancer-AAVs that show highly enriched expression not only in cortical PVALB cells but also in some subcortical PVALB populations. Five vectors maintain PVALB-enriched expression in primate neocortex. These results demonstrate how genome-wide open chromatin data mining and cross-species AAV validation can be used to create the next generation of non-species-restricted viral genetic tools.

Indexed as

Enhancer Elements, GeneticGene Expression RegulationAnimalsChromatinDatabases, GeneticDependovirusDiseaseEpigenesis, GeneticGenetic VectorsGenomeHumansMiceNeocortexNeuronsParvalbuminsPrimatesChromatinParvalbuminsAAVsATAC-seqbrain cell typesenhancersepigeneticsex vivo brain slicegenetic toolshumanmacaqueparvalbumin

Identifiers

PMID33789096
PMCPMC8163032
OpenAlexW3146446900

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.