ArticlePLoS pathogens2021
Bacteria primed by antimicrobial peptides develop tolerance and persist.
Article in PLoS pathogens, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 42 papers.
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Who cites it
42 citing papers in PubMed, 71 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Persistent Gaps in the Ultimate Mechanisms of Antimicrobial-Induced Bacterial Killing.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- From Host-Derived Pressures to the Environmental Anti-Antimicrobial Peptides Resistome: Mechanisms, Reservoirs and Implications for Therapeutic Peptide Design.Marine drugs · 2026Review
- Enhanced antibacterial activity of antimicrobial peptide-antibiotic combinations against multidrug-resistant bacteria.FEMS microbes · 2026Review
- Article
- Antimicrobial Peptides for Skin Wound Healing.Biomolecules · 2025Review
- Population-Level Dynamics and Community-Mediated Resistance to Antimicrobial Peptides.Biomolecules · 2025Review
- The antibacterial activity and therapeutic potential of the amphibian-derived peptide TB_KKG6K.mSphere · 2025Article
- Review
- The maturation of native uropathogenicBiofilm · 2024Article
- Peptide-mimetic treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a mouse model of respiratory infection.Communications biology · 2024Article
- Multiple resistance factors collectively promote inoculum-dependent dynamic survival during antimicrobial peptide exposure in Enterobacter cloacae.PLoS pathogens · 2024Article
- Phenotypic resistant single-cell characteristics under recurring ampicillin antibiotic exposure inmSystems · 2024Article
- High-Resolution Large-Area Image Analysis Deciphers the Distribution of Salmonella Cells and ECM Components in Biofilms Formed on Charged PEDOT:PSS Surfaces.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2024Article
- Antimicrobial resistance in the wild: Insights from epigenetics.Evolutionary applications · 2024Review
- Suppression of planktonic and biofilm of Escherichia coli by the synergistic lantibiotics-polymyxins combinations.Archives of microbiology · 2024Article
- Multiple resistance factors collectively promote inoculum-dependent dynamic survival during antimicrobial peptide exposure inbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- The metabolic slowdown caused by the deletion ofAntimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are key components of innate immune defenses. Because of the antibiotic crisis, AMPs have also come into focus as new drugs. Here, we explore whether prior exposure to sub-lethal doses of AMPs increases bacterial survival and abets the evolution of resistance. We show that Escherichia coli primed by sub-lethal doses of AMPs develop tolerance and increase persistence by producing curli or colanic acid, responses linked to biofilm formation. We develop a population dynamic model that predicts that priming delays the clearance of infections and fuels the evolution of resistance. The effects we describe should apply to many AMPs and other drugs that target the cell surface. The optimal strategy to tackle tolerant or persistent cells requires high concentrations of AMPs and fast and long-lasting expression. Our findings also offer a new understanding of non-inherited drug resistance as an adaptive response and could lead to measures that slow the evolution of resistance.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.