ArticlePloS one2021
First and second waves of coronavirus disease-19: A comparative study in hospitalized patients in Reus, Spain.
Article in PloS one, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 176 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
176 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 278 citations in OpenAlex.
- Global prevalence of anxiety and depression among medical students during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC psychology · 2024Pooled it
- Associations of diabetes, hypertension and obesity with COVID-19 mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMJ global health · 2023Pooled it
- Clinical prediction models for diagnosis of COVID-19 among adult patients: a validation and agreement study.BMC infectious diseases · 2022Pooled it
- Clinical features and outcomes of COVID-19 in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC geriatrics · 2021Pooled it
- Role of the Inflammasome Pathway According to the Expression of Proteins and Genetic Polymorphisms in COVID-19 Patients.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Observational
- Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Markers in Post Mortem Lung Biopsies from COVID-19 Patients.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Article
- Longitudinal analysis of Covid-19 infection trends and in-hospital mortality across six pandemic waves in Tunisia.Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique · 2025Article
- The Effect of Naturally Acquired Immunity on Mortality Predictors: A Focus on Individuals with New Coronavirus.Biomedicines · 2025Article
- Global trends and hotspots of type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents: A bibliometric study and visualization analysis.World journal of diabetes · 2025Article
- Modeling COVID-19 dynamics in the Basque Country: characterizing population immunity profile from 2020 to 2022.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- The Italian public health response during the pandemic emergency: from qualitative data to the "performance index" of care provided by Spoleto Hospital.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- In-hospital mortality among hospitalized COVID-19 patients in a tertiary care hospital in Dhaka City: a retrospective cohort study.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
- Exploring the diverse factors influencing healthcare utilization during the COVID-19 crisis.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Clinical management and outcomes in severe COVID-19: acute respiratory distress syndrome across two waves.Revista da Escola de Enfermagem da U S P · 2025Article
- Article
- Impact of COVID-19 in pregnancy on maternal and perinatal outcomes during the Delta variant period: a comparison of the Delta and pre-delta time periods, 2020-2021.Maternal health, neonatology and perinatology · 2024Article
- Risk factors for mortality in hospitalized COVID-19 patients across five waves in Pakistan.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- The learning curve of COVID-19 and organ donation: Potential missed opportunities in the COVID era.Heliyon · 2024Article
- Retrospective Analysis ofJournal of clinical medicine · 2024Article
116 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
40 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Many countries have seen a two-wave pattern in reported cases of coronavirus disease-19 during the 2020 pandemic, with a first wave during spring followed by the current second wave in late summer and autumn. Empirical data show that the characteristics of the effects of the virus do vary between the two periods. Differences in age range and severity of the disease have been reported, although the comparative characteristics of the two waves still remain largely unknown. Those characteristics are compared in this study using data from two equal periods of 3 and a half months. The first period, between 15th March and 30th June, corresponding to the entire first wave, and the second, between 1st July and 15th October, corresponding to part of the second wave, still present at the time of writing this article. Two hundred and four patients were hospitalized during the first period, and 264 during the second period. Patients in the second wave were younger and the duration of hospitalization and case fatality rate were lower than those in the first wave. In the second wave, there were more children, and pregnant and post-partum women. The most frequent signs and symptoms in both waves were fever, dyspnea, pneumonia, and cough, and the most relevant comorbidities were cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and chronic neurological diseases. Patients from the second wave more frequently presented renal and gastrointestinal symptoms, were more often treated with non-invasive mechanical ventilation and corticoids, and less often with invasive mechanical ventilation, conventional oxygen therapy and anticoagulants. Several differences in mortality risk factors were also observed. These results might help to understand the characteristics of the second wave and the behaviour and danger of SARS-CoV-2 in the Mediterranean area and in Western Europe. Further studies are needed to confirm our findings.
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