SynthesisPloS one2021
Factors that influence performance in Olympic air-rifle and small-bore shooting: A systematic review.
Synthesis in PloS one, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed.
- Design and Experimental Investigation of a Multi-Level Heartbeat Sound Feedback-Based Neurofeedback System: Neural Mechanisms.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Inspiratory muscle training enhances jumping power and shooting performance in elite air pistol athletes.BMC sports science, medicine & rehabilitation · 2026Article
- Personalized training model for 10 m air pistol through machine learning: a pilot study.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Individual SMR neurofeedback responsiveness during a single session and its associations with autonomic regulation and shooting performance in elite rifle athletes.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2026Article
- Physiological mechanisms and adaptation in high-performance shooting: a biomarker review.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2026Review
- Superior monocular visual function but compromised binocular balance in precision shooters compared to age and refraction matched controls.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Target size, self-efficacy, and stress as determinants of precision in a marksmanship task.Frontiers in psychology · 2025Article
- Energy Balance, Hormonal Status, and Military Performance in Strenuous Winter Training.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- Do women and men compete equally on a level playing field? An empirical investigation into the 2021 Olympic shooting competitions.PloS one · 2023Article
- Dimensions of Athlete-Coach Relationship and Sport Anxiety as Predictors of the Changes in Psychomotor and Motivational Welfare of Child Athletes after the Implementation of the Psychological Workshops for Coaches.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- The Role of Neuromuscular Control of Postural and Core Stability in Functional Movement and Athlete Performance.Frontiers in physiology · 2022Review
- Sport-specific training induced adaptations in postural control and their relationship with athletic performance.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2022Review
- Differences in Visuospatial Expertise between Skeet Shooting Athletes and Non-Athletes.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- Optoelectronic analysis of technical factors and performance of elite-level air pistol shooting.PloS oneArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundAir-rifle and small-bore shooting are fascinating Olympic sports due to their unique performance requirements for accuracy and precision.
objectiveThe purpose of our study was to systematically research the literature to determine and summarize performance determinants in both air-rifle and small-bore shooting. Since some athletes participate internationally in both disciplines in competition, the disciplines must have some similarity in the performance structure. Therefore, we further investigated whether performance in air-rifle and small-bore shooting can be explained by the same performance determinants.
methodsWe systematically searched in four databases using combined keywords relevant to performance in air-rifle and small-bore shooting. The articles included had undergone peer-review and had a) a direct relation to shooting performance, b) an indirect relation by comparing the performance of shooters of different skill levels, and c) a practical relevance (directly controllable through training). After the quality of each article was assessed, the key data were extracted and summarized.
resultsThe fourteen articles included achieved an average of 60 ± 14% (range 30-80%) in quality assessment. Altogether, articles covered 268 subjects (32% female), of which 19% were elite- and 28% were national-level athletes. Sixteen performance determinants were investigated, which were divided into anthropometric, technical-coordinative, physiological and psychological categories. Both in air-rifle and small-bore shooting, rifle stability and body sway were found to differ between elite- and national-level athletes. In both disciplines, body sway seemed to have no influence on shot score in elite- and national-level athletes. Similarly, heart rate did not correlate with shot score at nearly all performance levels in both disciplines. In national-level air-rifle athletes, horizontal rifle stability, aiming accuracy and aiming time were found to affect shot score.
conclusionsTo be competitive at a national-level in air-rifle shooting, a highly developed aiming process is needed to achieve a high shot score. Lack of data prevented us from drawing evidence-based conclusions in elite-level air-rifle athletes and in small-bore shooting. Future research should investigate possible performance determinants both in air-rifle and in small-bore shooting, especially with elite-level athletes, to confirm or disprove existing findings. Further research should use more complex analyses to investigate the multifaceted processes associated with different performance determinants.
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