ArticleArchives of sexual behavior2021
Gender Variance in Children and Adolescents with Neurodevelopmental and Psychiatric Conditions from Australia.
Article in Archives of sexual behavior, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 13 citations in OpenAlex.
- A Systematic Review of Gender Dysphoria Measures in Autistic Samples.Archives of sexual behavior · 2024Pooled it
- Gender Felt Pressure, Affective Domains, and Mental Health Outcomes among Transgender and Gender Diverse (TGD) Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review with Developmental and Clinical Implications.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Pooled it
- Self-Reported Multidimensional Gender Identity in Autistic and Non-Autistic Children.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2026Article
- Gender Diversity, Gender Dysphoria/Incongruence, and the Intersection with Autism Spectrum Disorders: An Updated Scoping Review.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2026Article
- Gender Identity Profiles in Autistic and Non-Autistic Cisgender and Gender Diverse Youth, and Their Caregivers.Autism research : official journal of the International Society for Autism Research · 2026Article
- Resilience in neurodivergence: professional perspectives mapped to the World Health Organisations' International Classification of Functioning.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Gender Dysphoria & Dissociative Identity Disorder in Autism Spectrum Disorder.Psychopharmacology bulletin · 2025Article
- Preferences of Non-Metropolitan Youth Towards Accessing Mental Health Services: A Choice-Based Conjoint Analysis.The Australian journal of rural health · 2025Article
- Research methods at the intersection of gender diversity and autism: A scoping review.Autism : the international journal of research and practice · 2024Article
- Best Practices for Gender-Affirming Care for Pediatric Orthopaedic Patients.Journal of the Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America · 2023Review
- Sex and gender in neurodevelopmental conditions.Nature reviews. Neurology · 2023Review
- Building Neurodiversity-Inclusive Postsecondary Campuses: Recommendations for Leaders in Higher Education.Autism in adulthood · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Gender variance is a broad term used to describe gender non-conforming behaviors. Past studies have used the parental response to Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) Item 110, which asks whether a child "Wishes to be of opposite sex" as an indicator of gender variance. The population prevalence of gender variance in children and adolescents using this metric was found to be 1.2% in birth-assigned females and 0.4% in birth-assigned males (Achenbach & Rescorla, 2001). However, in those referred for psychiatric evaluation, it was higher (5.4% of birth-assigned females and 2.8% of birth-assigned males) (Achenbach & Rescorla, 2001). The aim of this study was to use the CBCL to estimate the prevalence of gender variance among children and adolescents with neurodevelopmental and psychiatric conditions and assess whether this was higher compared to controls. The response to the CBCL and the child's neurodevelopmental and/or psychiatric diagnosis were extracted from the clinical notes of 1553 children and adolescents referred to an outpatient psychiatry clinic in Australia. This was compared to data from 181 control participants as well as to the CBCL standardization sample of 1605 controls. Of the 1553 young people, whose mean age was 10.9 years, gender variance was reported in 3.1% compared to 1.7% in local control participants (p > .05) and 0.7% in the CBCL controls (p < .0001). Rates varied depending upon the underlying diagnosis (ASD 5.2%; ADHD 2.5%, intellectual disability 4.7%; depression 2.6%; and anxiety 4.7%). In this way, our findings support past observations that young people with neurodevelopmental and psychiatric conditions have high rates of gender variance.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.