ReviewProtein science : a publication of the Protein Society2021
Prokaryote toxin-antitoxin modules: Complex regulation of an unclear function.
Review in Protein science : a publication of the Protein Society, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 33 citations in OpenAlex.
- Toxin-antitoxins and sigma factors may optimize the fitness of free-living bacteria throughout the life cycle via an integrated nutrient-responsive cybernetic system.Journal of the Royal Society, Interface · 2025Review
- Structural basis for higher-order DNA binding by a bacterial transcriptional regulator.PLoS genetics · 2025Article
- A single vector system for tunable and homogeneous dual gene expression in Escherichia coli.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Genomic characterization of a clonal emergentApplied and environmental microbiology · 2024Article
- Deciphering the role of VapBC13 and VapBC26 toxin antitoxin systems in the pathophysiology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.Communications biology · 2024Article
- Molecular stripping underpins derepression of a toxin-antitoxin system.Nature structural & molecular biology · 2024Article
- HigA2 (Rv2021c) Is a Transcriptional Regulator with Multiple Regulatory Targets inMicroorganisms · 2024Article
- Fuzzy recognition by the prokaryotic transcription factor HigA2 from Vibrio cholerae.Nature communications · 2024Article
- TheApplied and environmental microbiology · 2024Article
- Toxin:antitoxin ratio sensing autoregulation of theScience advances · 2024Article
- Coordinated proteome change precedes cell lysis and death in a mat-forming cyanobacterium.The ISME journal · 2023Article
- Type II bacterial toxin-antitoxins: hypotheses, facts, and the newfound plethora of the PezAT system.FEMS microbiology reviews · 2023Article
- Toxic antiphage defense proteins inhibited by intragenic antitoxin proteins.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2023Article
- Toxic anti-phage defense proteins inhibited by intragenic antitoxin proteins.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2023Article
- Dynamics-Based Regulatory Switches of Type II Antitoxins: Insights into New Antimicrobial Discovery.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Bacterial toxin-antitoxin systems: Novel insights on toxin activation across populations and experimental shortcomings.Current research in microbial sciences · 2023Review
- A toxin-deformation dependent inhibition mechanism in the T7SS toxin-antitoxin system of Gram-positive bacteria.Nature communications · 2022Article
- Structural and mutational analysis of MazE6-operator DNA complex provide insights into autoregulation of toxin-antitoxin systems.Communications biology · 2022Article
- Molecular mechanism of toxin neutralization in the HipBST toxin-antitoxin system of Legionella pneumophila.Nature communications · 2022Article
- A hyperpromiscuous antitoxin protein domain for the neutralization of diverse toxin domains.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Toxin-antitoxin (TA) modules are small operons in bacteria and archaea that encode a metabolic inhibitor (toxin) and a matching regulatory protein (antitoxin). While their biochemical activities are often well defined, their biological functions remain unclear. In Type II TA modules, the most common class, both toxin and antitoxin are proteins, and the antitoxin inhibits the biochemical activity of the toxin via complex formation with the toxin. The different TA modules vary significantly regarding structure and biochemical activity. Both regulation of protein activity by the antitoxin and regulation of transcription can be highly complex and sometimes show striking parallels between otherwise unrelated TA modules. Interplay between the multiple levels of regulation in the broader context of the cell as a whole is most likely required for optimum fine-tuning of these systems. Thus, TA modules can go through great lengths to prevent activation and to reverse accidental activation, in agreement with recent in vivo data. These complex mechanisms seem at odds with the lack of a clear biological function.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.