ArticleJournal of biosafety and biosecurity2021
Impact of environmental factors on COVID-19 cases and mortalities in major cities of Pakistan.
Article in Journal of biosafety and biosecurity, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 27 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association of Particulate Matter (PM2.5) With COVID-19 Infection and Mortality in Low-and Middle-income Asian Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Journal of preventive medicine and public health = Yebang Uihakhoe chi · 2026Pooled it
- A review of strategies and their effectiveness in reducing indoor airborne transmission and improving indoor air quality.Environmental research · 2022Pooled it
- Geographical and climatic risk factors for COVID-19 in southwest Iran during the 2020-2021 epidemic.PloS one · 2025Article
- Spatial shifting of COVID-19 clusters and disease association with environmental parameters in India: A time series analysis.Environmental research · 2023Article
- What are the Effects of Climate Variables on COVID-19 Pandemic? A Systematic Review and Current Update.Advanced biomedical research · 2023Review
- Temperature and particulate matter as environmental factors associated with seasonality of influenza incidence - an approach using Earth observation-based modeling in a health insurance cohort study from Baden-Württemberg (Germany).Environmental health : a global access science source · 2022Article
- Article
- Relationship between Meteorological and Air Quality Parameters and COVID-19 in Casablanca Region, Morocco.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Impact of climate indicators on the COVID-19 pandemic in Saudi Arabia.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2022Article
- Influences of environmental exposures on preterm lung disease.Expert review of respiratory medicine · 2021Review
- Pattern and determinants of COVID-19 infection and mortality across countries: An ecological study.Heliyon · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionClimate factors play an important role in the transmission of viruses, such as influenza viruses, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-1. This study aimed to determine the relationship between changes in temperature, humidity, rainfall, and SARS-CoV-2 contagion. Five ecologically and climatically distinct regions were considered-Karachi, Lahore, Islamabad, Peshawar, and Gilgit-Baltistan.
methodData on daily COVID-19 cases and deaths were retrieved from government officials, while meteorological information was collected from Pakistan Meteorological Department.. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 20 and the Spearman rank correlation test was used to analyze the correlation between the meteorological factors and COVID-19 cases and deaths.
resultPositive correlation of COVID-19 incidence was observed with all the temperature ranges (maximum, minimum and average) and negative correlation was seen with humidity, DTR and rainfall. COVID-19 deaths were positively associated with temperature and were negatively associated only with humidity. Linear regression showed that for every unit increase in humidity, there was a -3.345 daily significant decrease in COVID-19 cases, while in Karachi for every unit increase in humidity, there remained a 10.104 daily significant increase in cases. In Gilgit-Baltistan, for every unit increase in average temperature and rainfall respectively, significant increases of 0.534 and 1.286 in daily cases were found.
conclusionThis study signifies the effect of climate factors on COVID-19 incidence and mortality rate, but climate factors are not the only variable and several other interlinked factors enhance the spread of COVID-19. Hence, effective mitigation policies, enhancing testing capacities, and developing public attitudes toward adopting precautionary measures are important to overcome this overwhelming pandemic.
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Registered trials
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