ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2021
TBK1 recruitment to STING activates both IRF3 and NF-κB that mediate immune defense against tumors and viral infections.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 359 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
359 citing papers in PubMed, 508 citations in OpenAlex.
- Microbial extracellular vesicles from min pigs remodel macrophage polarization via STING to sustain intestinal immune homeostasis.Gut microbes · 2026Article
- ENPP3 drives ccRCC progression by cGAMP hydrolysis and STING-IFN suppression.Cancer biology & therapy · 2026Article
- PARP7 inhibition and a STING agonist potentiate radiation-induced immunogenicity in glioblastoma.Oncoimmunology · 2026Article
- African swine fever virus pI73R hijacks host mRNA to suppress interferon beta and reveals a druggable target for antiviral intervention.Emerging microbes & infections · 2026Article
- Mechanistic reprogramming of the mtDNA-cGAS-STING axis in cellular senescence: from mitochondrial homeostatic disruption to inflammatory and immune outcomes.Biogerontology · 2026Review
- The cGAS-STING/MITA pathway in innate antiviral immunity and beyond.Cell insight · 2026Review
- Cytotoxic CD4Nature aging · 2026Article
- From mitochondria to innate immunity: The mtDNA-driven cGAS/STING-NLRP3 cascade and its therapeutic implications in neurodegenerative diseases (Review).Experimental and therapeutic medicine · 2026Review
- STING agonist profiling by nucleotide library defines structural determinants of cyclic dinucleotide recognition.iScience · 2026Article
- The Significance of cGAS-STING Signaling in Response to Oncogenic Viruses.Cell biochemistry and function · 2026Review
- The Role of Skeletal Muscle Mitochondria in NLRP3 Inflammasome Signaling.Biomolecules · 2026Review
- Enhanced antitumor immunity of mRNA vaccines by bioorthogonal-like delayed activation of exogeneous STING.Nature biotechnology · 2026Article
- Innate immunity: current understandings and future perspectives.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Review
- STING deficiency does not rescue short telomere-mediated aging phenotypes and longevity in TERC- or TERT-telomerase deficient mice.Cell reports · 2026Article
- The cGAS/STING pathway in cancer: translating innate DNA sensing into therapeutic potential.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2026Review
- Optineurin calibrates STING-mediated type I interferon response.The FEBS journal · 2026Article
- The Role of Inflammation and Immunity in Cardiovascular Disease: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Targets.MedComm · 2026Review
- TRIM47 catalyzes MAVS SUMOylation to safeguard chronic viral infections and tissue inflammation.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2026Article
- Recent progress in cGAS-STING agonist design and mechanisms of cancer immune modulation.RSC chemical biology · 2026Review
- The cell with many faces: lung macrophage plasticity and function in response to environmental and pathogenic insults.Physiological reviews · 2026Review
299 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The induction of type I interferons through the transcription factor interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) is considered a major outcome of stimulator of interferon genes (STING) activation that drives immune responses against DNA viruses and tumors. However, STING activation can also trigger other downstream pathways such as nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling and autophagy, and the roles of interferon (IFN)-independent functions of STING in infectious diseases or cancer are not well understood. Here, we generated a STING mouse strain with a mutation (S365A) that disrupts IRF3 binding and therefore type I interferon induction but not NF-κB activation or autophagy induction. We also generated STING mice with mutations that disrupt the recruitment of TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1), which is important for both IRF3 and NF-κB activation but not autophagy induction (L373A or ∆CTT, which lacks the C-terminal tail). The STING-S365A mutant mice, but not L373A or ∆CTT mice, were still resistant to herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) infections and mounted an antitumor response after cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate (cGAMP) treatment despite the absence of STING-induced interferons. These results demonstrate that STING can function independently of type I interferons and autophagy, and that TBK1 recruitment to STING is essential for antiviral and antitumor immunity.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.