Trial reportThe Journal of clinical investigation2021
B cells, antibody-secreting cells, and virus-specific antibodies respond to herpes simplex virus 2 reactivation in skin.
Trial report in The Journal of clinical investigation, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed.
- Host Immune Response Mechanisms Against Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Infection.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Direct comparison of three herpes simplex virus-2 vaccine candidates using peripheral or mucosal routes of vaccination.Vaccine · 2026Article
- The Path Towards Effective Long-Lasting Tissue-Targeted Prime/Pull/Keep Herpes Simplex Therapeutic Vaccines.Vaccines · 2025Review
- Safety of non-replicative and oncolytic replication-selective HSV vectors.Trends in molecular medicine · 2024Review
- Boosting of vaginal HSV-2-specific B and T cell responses by intravaginal therapeutic immunization results in diminished recurrent HSV-2 disease.Journal of virology · 2023Article
- Protein O-GlcNAcylation in multiple immune cells and its therapeutic potential.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Herpes simplex virus lymphadenitis is associated with tumor reduction in a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2022Article
- Comprehensive characterization of tumor immune landscape following oncolytic virotherapy by single-cell RNA sequencing.Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII · 2022Article
- Antiviral CD19Journal of virology · 2022Article
- Development and function of tissue-resident memory B cells.Advances in immunology · 2022Article
- HSV-2-Specific Human Female Reproductive Tract Tissue Resident Memory T Cells Recognize Diverse HSV Antigens.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Cytokines and chemokines: The vital role they play in herpes simplex virus mucosal immunology.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- Trivalent nucleoside-modified mRNA vaccine yields durable memory B cell protection against genital herpes in preclinical models.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2021Article
- B cells join T cell clusters in the host response to recurrent herpes simplex virus 2 infection.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2021Article
- Immunoregulatory Functions of Interferons During Genital HSV-2 Infection.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Review
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Authors and funding
14 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Tissue-based T cells are important effectors in the prevention and control of mucosal viral infections; less is known about tissue-based B cells. We demonstrate that B cells and antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) are present in inflammatory infiltrates in skin biopsy specimens from study participants during symptomatic herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) reactivation and early healing. Both CD20+ B cells, most of which are antigen inexperienced based on their coexpression of IgD, and ASCs - characterized by dense IgG RNA expression in combination with CD138, IRF4, and Blimp-1 RNA - were found to colocalize with T cells. ASCs clustered with CD4+ T cells, suggesting the potential for crosstalk. HSV-2-specific antibodies to virus surface antigens were also present in tissue and increased in concentration during HSV-2 reactivation and healing, unlike in serum, where concentrations remained static over time. B cells, ASCs, and HSV-specific antibody were rarely detected in biopsies of unaffected skin. Evaluation of samples from serial biopsies demonstrated that B cells and ASCs followed a more migratory than resident pattern of infiltration in HSV-affected genital skin, in contrast to T cells. Together, these observations suggest the presence of distinct phenotypes of B cells in HSV-affected tissue; dissecting their role in reactivation may reveal new therapeutic avenues to control these infections.
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