ArticleThe patient2021
United States COVID-19 Vaccination Preferences (CVP): 2020 Hindsight.
Article in The patient, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 39 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
39 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 61 citations in OpenAlex.
- A Systematic Review of Discrete Choice Experiments on Preferences for COVID-19 Vaccinations.The patient · 2025Pooled it
- The Evolving Landscape of Discrete Choice Experiments in Health Economics: A Systematic Review.PharmacoEconomics · 2025Pooled it
- Preferences for COVID-19 Vaccines: Systematic Literature Review of Discrete Choice Experiments.JMIR public health and surveillance · 2024Pooled it
- Loss-framing of information and pre-vaccination consultation improve COVID-19 vaccine acceptance: A survey experiment.Frontiers in public health · 2023Trial
- Prediction of factors influencing adults' likelihood of accepting any COVID-19 vaccination and their willingness to pay - a nation-wide discrete choice experiment among the general public from India.BMC public health · 2025Article
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- Article
- Measuring Effectiveness Based on Patient Experience (Instead of QALYs) in US Value Assessments.PharmacoEconomics · 2025Article
- The Performance of Kaizen Tasks Across Three Online Discrete Choice Experiment Surveys: An Evidence Synthesis.The patient · 2024Article
- Employees' seeking preference towards influenza vaccination in organization: A discrete choice experiment in China.Heliyon · 2024Article
- COVID-19 vaccine acceptance in the general population and under-resourced communities from high-income countries: realist review.BMJ open · 2024Review
- Which factors drive the choice of the French-speaking Quebec population towards a COVID-19 vaccination programme: A discrete-choice experiment.Health expectations : an international journal of public participation in health care and health policy · 2024Article
- Preferences regarding COVID-19 vaccination among 12,000 adults in China: A cross-sectional discrete choice experiment.PLOS global public health · 2024Article
- Trade-Offs between Vaccine Effectiveness and Vaccine Safety: Personal versus Policy Decisions.PharmacoEconomics - open · 2023Article
- Article
- Jumping the Queue:Willingness to Pay for Faster Access to COVID-19 Vaccines in Seven European Countries.PharmacoEconomics · 2023Article
- The barriers, facilitators and association of vaccine certificates on COVID-19 vaccine uptake: a scoping review.Globalization and health · 2023Article
- Public Preferences for Introducing a COVID-19 Certificate: A Discrete Choice Experiment in the Netherlands.Applied health economics and health policy · 2023Article
- COVID-19 Vaccination Preferences Among Non-Chinese Migrants in Hong Kong: Discrete Choice Experiment.JMIR public health and surveillance · 2023Article
- A Discrete Choice Analysis Comparing COVID-19 Vaccination Decisions for Children and Adults.JAMA network open · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundShortly after the 2020 US election, initial evidence on first-generation COVID-19 vaccines showed 70-95% efficacy and minimal risks. Yet, many US adults expressed reluctance.
aimsThe aim of this study was to compare persons willing and unwilling to be vaccinated against COVID-19 and to estimate the effects of vaccination attributes on uptake: proof of vaccination, vaccination setting, effectiveness, duration of immunity, and risk of severe side effects.
methodBetween 9 and 11 November 2020, 1153 US adults completed a discrete choice experiment (DCE) on Phase 2 of the CDC Vaccination Program (August 2021). Each of its eight choice tasks had three vaccination alternatives and "no vaccination for 6 months." An opt-out inflated logit model was estimated to test for respondent differences and attribute effects.
resultsRespondent demographics were unrelated to one's willingness to be vaccinated (p value 0.533), but those with less education were more likely to be unwilling (p < 0.001). Among those willing, uptake ranged from 61.70 to 97.75%, depending on the vaccination attributes. Effectiveness and safety had the largest effects. Offering proof of vaccination and a choice of setting increased uptake as much as increasing immunity from 3 to 6 months.
conclusionsTo maximize uptake, the CDC Program should standardize proof of vaccination and offer a choice of setting, instead of a one-size-fits-all approach. If the first-generation vaccines are efficacious, widely available, and free, overall predicted uptake is 68.81% by the end of Phase 2 (August 2021), which is well below the 75-90% needed for herd immunity. Further health preference research is necessary to uncover and address unwillingness and reluctance to vaccinate against COVID-19.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.