ReviewNPJ Regenerative medicine2021
Scaffold-free cell-based tissue engineering therapies: advances, shortfalls and forecast.
Review in NPJ Regenerative medicine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 100 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
100 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Recent Trends in Tissue Engineering Strategies for Uterine Endometrial Regeneration: a Systematic Review.Reproductive sciences (Thousand Oaks, Calif.) · 2026Pooled it
- Bioprinting of miRNA-Induced Spheroids for Vascularized, Heterocellular Bone Regeneration.Chemical engineering journal (Lausanne, Switzerland : 1996) · 2026Article
- Review
- Advances in 3D Bioprinting for Scaffold-Based and Scaffold-Free Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine.Gels (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Harnessing inter-spheroid spacing and structural connectivity to direct collective cell migration and host vessel integration in 3D engineered tissue.Materials today. Bio · 2026Article
- Zein-Ceria Hybrid Microparticles Enable Long-Term ROS-Scavenging Oxygenation for Osteogenic Microtissues Engineering.Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) · 2026Article
- Quantifying the spatiotemporal mechanical dynamics of engineered cardiac microbundles.PLoS computational biology · 2026Article
- Packed for Ossification: High-Density Bioprinting of hPDC Spheroids in HAMA Toward Endochondral Ossification.Advanced healthcare materials · 2026Article
- AScience signaling · 2026Article
- Microstructured chitosan mesh scaffold for efficient production of cell-cultured meat.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Cell flocculation and phase-separation support macro-scale tissue slab construction in a scaffold-free manner.Materials today. Bio · 2026Article
- The non-scaffold effects of natural polysaccharides in promoting organ regeneration: a review.Journal of biological engineering · 2026Review
- Sustained release of quercetin through homogeneous poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) microspheres to enhance MSCs biofunctions for regenerative therapy.Regenerative therapy · 2026Article
- Comparative analysis of different macromolecular crowding agents in human tenocyte cultures.Biomaterials and biosystems · 2026Article
- Three-dimensional culture of tumor cells (Review).Oncology letters · 2026Review
- Multifunctional Porous Microshuttles as Scaffolding Components and Carriers of Bioactive Factors in Self-Assembled Microtissues.Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) · 2026Article
- Construction and Advanced Utilization of Self-Assembled and Scale-Down Chitin Nanofibers for Polymer Composite Design.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- A Novel Scaffold-Free Engineered Cartilage Using Combined Chondrocyte Pellets and Sheets in Chondrogenic Differentiation Medium.Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine · 2025Article
- Hierarchical Delivery of Anti-Inflammatory Compound and Stem Cells for Chronic Wounds.Pharmaceutics · 2025Article
- A New Way to Engineer Cell Sheets for Articular Cartilage Regeneration.Journal of functional biomaterials · 2025Article
40 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Cell-based scaffold-free therapies seek to develop in vitro organotypic three-dimensional (3D) tissue-like surrogates, capitalising upon the inherent capacity of cells to create tissues with efficiency and sophistication that is still unparalleled by human-made devices. Although automation systems have been realised and (some) success stories have been witnessed over the years in clinical and commercial arenas, in vitro organogenesis is far from becoming a standard way of care. This limited technology transfer is largely attributed to scalability-associated costs, considering that the development of a borderline 3D implantable device requires very high number of functional cells and prolonged ex vivo culture periods. Herein, we critically discuss advancements and shortfalls of scaffold-free cell-based tissue engineering strategies, along with pioneering concepts that have the potential to transform regenerative and reparative medicine.
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.