ArticleEnvironmental research2021
Low-level exposure to lead, mercury, arsenic, and cadmium, and blood pressure among 8-17-year-old participants of the 2009-2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
Article in Environmental research, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 37 citations in OpenAlex.
- Re-thinking the link between exposure to mercury and blood pressure.Archives of toxicology · 2025Pooled it
- Exploring the Impact of E‑Waste Exposure on Childhood Blood Pressure: Metabolomics Analysis and Risk Prediction.Environment & health (Washington, D.C.) · 2026Article
- Multiple-element exposure in early pregnancy and birth defects: a nested case-control study based on the China birth cohort study.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Article
- Association of pre-and postnatal mercury exposure with cardiometabolic risk factors in children: the role of the telomere length and telomerase reverse transcriptase polymorphisms.Environment international · 2025Article
- Chronic arsenic exposure and cardiometabolic biomarkers in adolescents in the MINIMat longitudinal study.Journal of trace elements in medicine and biology : organ of the Society for Minerals and Trace Elements (GMS) · 2025Article
- Relationship Between Urinary Copper, Zinc, and Cadmium and Kidney Damage Biomarkers in Young People.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- The association between periodontitis and arterial stiffening among the hypertensive middle-aged and elderly U.S. Population.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and bone mineral density in children and adolescents: results from the 2011-2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Systemic immune-inflammation mediates the association between Klotho protein and metabolic syndrome: findings from a large-scale population-based study.Lipids in health and disease · 2024Article
- Effects of Blood Lead Levels <10 µg/dL in School-Age Children and Adolescents: A Scoping Review.Pediatrics · 2024Article
- Metal mixture exposures and serum lipid levels in childhood: the Rhea mother-child cohort in Greece.Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology · 2024Article
- Update of the risk assessment of inorganic arsenic in food.EFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority · 2024Article
- Association of heavy metals exposure with lower blood pressure in the population aged 8-17 years: a cross-sectional study based on NHANES.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- Early childhood lead exposure and adolescent heart rate variability: A longitudinal cohort study.Environmental research · 2022Article
- Exposure to Metal Mixtures in Association with Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Outcomes: A Scoping Review.Toxics · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundDysregulation of systolic, diastolic blood pressure (SBP, DBP), and pulse pressure (PP) in children may predict elevated blood pressure (BP) in adulthood. Toxicant exposure is widely studied as a risk factor for high BP in adults, but not in children. We assessed the joint associations between lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), arsenic (As), and cadmium (Cd) exposure and SBP, DBP, and PP among 8-17 year-old participants (n = 1642) of the 2009-2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES).
methodsParticipants with at least two BP measures were included. Urinary As and Cd were adjusted for urinary creatinine concentrations. Blood Pb, Hg, and urinary As, Cd were natural log-transformed. Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression (BKMR) analyses were conducted to assess the associations between the toxicant mixture and BP measures. Multivariable regression models assessed the associations between individual toxicants, and the four toxicants simultaneously with each of the outcomes. Interactions with sodium intake were tested.
resultsExposure to all toxicants was low, with median (5%, 95%) level: Pb, 0.57 (0.26, 1.60) μg/dL; Hg, 0.37 (0.19, 2.12) μg/L; As, 5.61 (1.37, 33.2) μg/g creatinine, Cd, 0.06 (0.03, 0.23) μg/g creatinine. Toxicant mixture showed a statistically significant, inverse association with DBP, but not other BP measures. Linear regressions revealed no association between toxicants, individually or together, and BP measures. No evidence of interaction of sodium intake with any of the toxicants was observed.
conclusionsIn a nationally representative sample of 8-17 year-olds, we found suggestive inverse association of the mixture of low-level Pb, Hg, As, and Cd, with DBP. Longitudinal studies with multiple toxicants are needed to understand the interactive effects of toxicants on children's BP.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.