ReviewAnnals of clinical and translational neurology2021
Brain dysfunction in COVID-19 and CAR-T therapy: cytokine storm-associated encephalopathy.
Review in Annals of clinical and translational neurology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 52 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
52 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 82 citations in OpenAlex.
- Parallel electrophysiological abnormalities due to COVID-19 infection and to Alzheimer's disease and related dementia.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2024Pooled it
- Delirium in the oncology intensive care unit: Risk, recognition, and recovery strategies.World journal of critical care medicine · 2026Review
- The lung-brain axis: elucidating the mechanisms of pulmonary-driven neurological disorders.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2026Review
- Neurological implications of chimeric antigen receptor-T cell therapy.BMJ neurology open · 2026Review
- Herpes Simplex Virus Infection With Multiple Cerebral Hemorrhages: A Case Report.Clinical case reports · 2026Article
- An infusible extracellular matrix biomaterial improves survival in a model of severe systemic inflammation.NPJ Regenerative medicine · 2025Article
- Chimeric Antigen Receptor Cell Therapy: Current Status and Its Potential in Aging and Alzheimer's Disease.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Impact on the microstructure of deep gray matter in unvaccinated patients after moderate-to-severe COVID-19: insights from MRI T1 mapping.European radiology experimental · 2025Article
- Impact of neurotoxicity and steroid therapy on cancer progression-free survival in lymphoma patients treated with anti-CD19 CAR T cells.Neuro-oncology practice · 2025Article
- Decoding mechanisms and protein markers in lung-brain axis.Respiratory research · 2025Review
- EEG as a predictive biomarker of neurotoxicity in anti-CD19 CAR T-cell therapy.Journal of neurology · 2025Article
- Blood neurofilament light chain and S100B as biomarkers of neurological involvement and functional prognosis in COVID-19: a multicenter study.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2025Observational
- Acute and long-term effects of COVID-19 on brain and mental health: A narrative review.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2025Review
- Secondary sclerosing cholangitis in critically ill patients with febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome (FIRES): a case series.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Article
- Modulation of brain immune microenvironment and cellular dynamics in systemic inflammation.Theranostics · 2025Article
- Clinical and neuroimaging features in neurological Wilson's disease with claustrum lesions.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Primary vs. pre-emptive anti-seizure medication prophylaxis in anti-CD19 CAR T-cell therapy.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2024Article
- Frontiers and hotspots evolution in cytokine storm: A bibliometric analysis from 2004 to 2022.Heliyon · 2024Article
- High-dose glucocorticoids in COVID-19 patients with acute encephalopathy: clinical and imaging findings in a retrospective cohort study.Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2024Article
- Current status and future prospects of chimeric antigen receptor-T cell therapy in lymphoma research: A bibliometric analysis.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveMany neurological manifestations are associated with COVID-19, including a distinct form of encephalopathy related to cytokine storm, the acute systemic inflammatory syndrome present in a subgroup of COVID-19 patients. Cytokine storm is also associated with immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS), a complication of chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapy, a highly effective treatment for refractory hematological malignancies. We investigated whether COVID-19-related encephalopathy, ICANS, and other encephalopathies associated with cytokine storm, share clinical and investigative findings.
methodsNarrative literature review.
resultsComparisons between COVID-19-related encephalopathy and ICANS revealed several overlapping features. Clinically, these included dysexecutive syndrome, language disturbances, akinetic mutism and delirium. EEG showed a prevalence of frontal abnormalities. Brain MRI was often unrevealing. CSF elevated cytokine levels have been reported. A direct correlation between cytokine storm intensity and severity of neurological manifestations has been shown for both conditions. Clinical recovery occurred spontaneously or following immunotherapies in most of the patients. Similar clinical and investigative features were also reported in other encephalopathies associated with cytokine storm, such as hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, sepsis, and febrile infection-associated encephalopathies.
interpretationCOVID-19-related encephalopathy and ICANS are characterized by a predominant electro-clinical frontal lobe dysfunction and share several features with other encephalopathies associated with cytokine storm, which may represent the common denominator of a clinical spectrum of neurological disorders. Therefore, we propose a unifying definition of cytokine storm-associated encephalopathy (CySE), and its diagnostic criteria.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.