ReviewJOR spine2021
Spine biomechanical testing methodologies: The controversy of consensus vs scientific evidence.
Review in JOR spine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 47 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
47 citing papers in PubMed.
- Biomechanical comparison of lumbar rotational manipulations in two different positions using force measurement and finite element analysis.Chiropractic & manual therapies · 2026Trial
- The Effect of Single Level and Multilevel Cervical Fusion on Adjacent Segment Motion: A Biomechanical Analysis.JOR spine · 2026Article
- Development and evaluation of a multi-axis loading simulator for the spine, pelvis, and lumbosacral region.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Formaldehyde embalming alters biomechanical strain of human cervical spinal dura mater: quantification and implications from paired fresh-frozen and embalmed specimens.Surgical and radiologic anatomy : SRA · 2026Article
- Multidimensional Experimental Characterization of Lumbar Spinal Deformity.Annals of biomedical engineering · 2026Article
- A Muscle-Driven Lumbar Spine Model for Predicting Vibration-Induced Spinal Loads with Adaptive Control.Annals of biomedical engineering · 2026Article
- Intervertebral disc distraction stiffness predicts endplate subsidence following transforaminal interbody cage expansion: an ex vivo study.European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society · 2026Article
- Establishing a standardized biomechanical model for osteoporotic pincer (OF4) Fracture creation in human cadaveric spines: a novel experimental technique.European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society · 2026Article
- Article
- Anterior-Posterior Shear Stiffness of C6/C7 Functional Spinal Units: Effects of Mechanical and Intrinsic Factors.Annals of biomedical engineering · 2026Article
- Human and Porcine Lumbar Endplate Injury Risk in Repeated Flexion-Compression.Annals of biomedical engineering · 2026Article
- The design and biomechanical study of the 3D-printed implanted cervical vertebral cage.Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research · 2026Article
- An inter-laboratory study of the multi-dimensional behaviors of analogue lumbar spine surrogates: towards standardization in spine testing.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2026Article
- Nondestructive, fatigue cyclic, and ramped cyclic biomechanical testing of surgical techniques for stabilization of the lumbosacral junction in dogs.Veterinary surgery : VS · 2026Article
- Article
- Effect of Hydration Time in Saline on the Swelling and Uniaxial Tensile Response of Annulus Fibrosus of the Intervertebral Disc.Journal of functional biomaterials · 2025Article
- Biomechanical restoration in unilateral facet arthroplasty: a cadaveric evaluation.North American Spine Society journal · 2025Article
- Impact of caudal segment bone fusion on rod load at the cranial segment in a two-level spinal interbody fusion construct- a biomechanical study.European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society · 2025Article
- Resting Supine for 45 Minutes Yields Consistent Baseline Lumbar Intervertebral Disc Height in Asymptomatic Participants.Annals of biomedical engineering · 2025Article
- In vivo ultrasonographic evidence that tensed calcaneofibular ligament consistently lifts the peroneal tendons.Scientific reports · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Biomechanical testing methodologies for the spine have developed over the past 50 years. During that time, there have been several paradigm shifts with respect to techniques. These techniques evolved by incorporating state-of-the-art engineering principles, in vivo measurements, anatomical structure-function relationships, and the scientific method. Multiple parametric studies have focused on the effects that the experimental technique has on outcomes. As a result, testing methodologies have evolved, but there are no standard testing protocols, which makes the comparison of findings between experiments difficult and conclusions about in vivo performance challenging. In 2019, the international spine research community was surveyed to determine the consensus on spine biomechanical testing and if the consensus opinion was consistent with the scientific evidence. More than 80 responses to the survey were received. The findings of this survey confirmed that while some methods have been commonly adopted, not all are consistent with the scientific evidence. This review summarizes the scientific literature, the current consensus, and the authors' recommendations on best practices based on the compendium of available evidence.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.