ArticleEnvironmental epidemiology (Philadelphia, Pa.)2021
New insights into modeling exposure measurements below the limit of detection.
Article in Environmental epidemiology (Philadelphia, Pa.), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed.
- Associations of glyphosate exposure in pregnancy with preterm birth: a longitudinal birth cohort study.Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987) · 2026Article
- A data-driven single substitution to overcome bias from conventional single substitution for LOD missingness in covariates in least squares regression.Journal of applied statistics · 2026Article
- Stress-related salivary biomarkers - cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone, alpha amylase, and suicidal ideation among young women living in Kampala's informal settlements.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology · 2026Article
- Associations of Plasma and Breast Milk HIV RNA and Tenofovir Concentrations With Risk of Postnatal HIV Transmission During Breastfeeding Among Women With and Without ARV Exposure.Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2026Article
- Improving accuracy in genome-wide association studies: a two-step approach for handling below limit of detection biomarker measurements.NAR genomics and bioinformatics · 2025Article
- Prenatal environmental risk for adolescent attention, thought, and substance use problems: A mixtures approach to coexposure and psychiatric comorbidities.Environmental epidemiology (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2025Article
- Development of an inhalable dry powder of mycobacteriophage D29 using thin-film freeze-drying.International journal of pharmaceutics · 2025Article
- Microglia-containing neural organoids as brain microphysiological systems for long-term culture.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2025Article
- Evaluating associations of bisphenol and phthalate exposure with time to pregnancy and subfecundity in a New York City pregnancy cohort.Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987) · 2024Article
- A Comparison of Statistical Methods for Studying Interactions of Chemical Mixtures.Statistics in biosciences · 2024Article
- Accommodating detection limits of multiple exposures in environmental mixture analyses: an overview of statistical approaches.Environmental health : a global access science source · 2024Article
- Metal and oxidative potential exposure through particle inhalation and oxidative stress biomarkers: a 2-week pilot prospective study among Parisian subway workers.International archives of occupational and environmental health · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
In environmental epidemiology, it is of interest to assess the health effects of environmental exposures. Some exposure analytes present values that are below the laboratory limit of detection (LOD). There have been many methods proposed for handling this issue to incorporate exposures subject to LOD in risk modeling using logistic regression. We present a fresh look at proposed methods to handle exposure analytes that present values that are below the LOD.
methodsWe performed comparisons through an extensive simulation study and a cancer epidemiology example. The methods we considered were a maximum-likelihood approach, multiple imputation, Cox regression, complete case analysis, filling in values below the LOD with , and a missing indicator method.
resultsWe found that the logistic regression coefficient associated with the exposure (subject to LOD) can be severely biased when underlying assumptions are not met, even with a relatively small proportion (under 20%) of measurements below the LOD.
conclusionsWe propose the use of a simple method where the relationship between the analyte and disease risk is modeled only above the detection limit with an intercept term at the LOD and a slope parameter, which makes no assumptions about what happens below the LOD. In most practical situations, our results suggest that this simple method may be the best choice for analyzing analytes with detection limits.
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