ArticlePublic health action2021
Evaluating the availability of essential drugs for hypertension, diabetes and asthma in rural Rwanda, 2018.
Article in Public health action, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 14 citations in OpenAlex.
- The availability, cost, and affordability of essential medicines for asthma and COPD in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review.The Lancet. Global health · 2022Pooled it
- The prediction of essential medicine demand using machine learning and traditional methods on EPSS Gondar hub 2018-2022 data.Exploratory research in clinical and social pharmacy · 2026Article
- Exploring factors affecting access to non-communicable disease medicines in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review.BMJ public health · 2026Article
- Availability of essential medicines for non-communicable diseases: a scoping review of challenges and opportunities.BMJ global health · 2025Article
- Availability and affordability of anticancer medicines at cancer treating hospitals in Rwanda.BMC health services research · 2023Article
- Analysis of pharmaceutical inventory management based on ABC-VEN analysis in Rwanda: a case study of Nyamagabe district.Journal of pharmaceutical policy and practice · 2023Article
- Application of random forest model to predict the demand of essential medicines for non-communicable diseases management in public health facilities.The Pan African medical journal · 2022Article
- Implementing essential diagnostics-learning from essential medicines: A scoping review.PLOS global public health · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 6 institutions in 7 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
settingHypertension, diabetes mellitus and asthma are on the rise in developing countries, including Rwanda; there is thus a need to ensure uninterrupted drug availability.
objectivesTo assess 1) the frequency and duration of drug stock-outs; 2) lead time duration 3) monthly stock levels; and 4) drug quantities requested vs. quantity delivered for captopril, metformin and inhaled salbutamol between January and December 2018 Kirehe District, Rwanda.
designThis was a cross-sectional study using secondary programme data.
resultsThe median annual stock-outs for captopril, metformin and inhaled salbutamol were respectively 4 (IQR 3-4), 3 (IQR 2-3) and 4 (IQR 4-5) at rural health facilities (RHCs); no stock-outs occurred at the district hospital. For all three drugs, the median lead time was 7.5 days (IQR 5.5-11.5) at the hospital vs. 5 days (IQR 3-6) in RHCs. Stock status for captopril was below the 4-week minimum stock level for 2/12 months at the hospital vs. 7/12 months at the RHCs, while metformin and inhaled salbutamol were below the 4-week minimum stock levels for respectively 1/12 and 4/12 months at both hospital and RHCs. Total drug quantities delivered were less than the combined total quantities requested in respectively 8/12, 5/12 and 8/12 months for captopril, metformin and inhaled salbutamol.
conclusionThere is a need to regularly and effectively monitor drug stock levels and ensure timely and sufficient stock replenishment to avert stock-outs.
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