ArticlePlastic and reconstructive surgery. Global open2021
Demographic and Cultural Differences in the Acceptance and Pursuit of Cosmetic Surgery: A Systematic Literature Review.
Article in Plastic and reconstructive surgery. Global open, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 45 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
45 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 86 citations in OpenAlex.
- Nasal Aesthetic Preferences Across Populations: A Systematic Review of Cultural, Ethnic, and Generational Trends.Aesthetic surgery journal · 2026Pooled it
- Aesthetic Improvements Over Time: Long-Term Efficacy and Additional Outcomes of IncobotulinumtoxinA in the Simultaneous Treatment of Upper Facial Lines.Journal of cosmetic dermatology · 2025Trial
- Factors Associated with Previous Aesthetic Procedures among Men: A Cross-Sectional Online Survey.Dermatology and therapy · 2026Article
- Cultural and Religious Beliefs and Acceptance of Facial Cosmetic Surgery in Saudi Arabia.Plastic and reconstructive surgery. Global open · 2026Article
- Aesthetic surgery in Ghana: A one-year retrospective case series of procedures and patient profiles in a tertiary hospital.JPRAS open · 2026Article
- Article
- Otoplasty in the Scientific Literature: Global Productivity, Thematic Evolution, and Forecasted Trajectories.Aesthetic plastic surgery · 2026Article
- Breast Abscess in Young Nulliparous Women: Is Injectable Breast Augmentation the Missing History?Pakistan journal of medical sciences · 2026Article
- Medico-legal patterns of cosmetic malpractice: a comparative analysis of complaints and judicial outcomes between licensed and unlicensed providers in Shiraz, Iran.BMC health services research · 2026Article
- Automatic thoughts mediate the relationship between social appearance anxiety and attitudes toward cosmetic surgery.BMC psychology · 2026Article
- Article
- A Bibliometric Analysis of the Most Influential and Impactful Plastic Surgery Publications From Saudi Arabia.Saudi medical journal · 2026Article
- Psychological Disorders Are a Non-negligible Factor in Medical Aesthetic Disputes.Aesthetic plastic surgery · 2026Review
- Predictors of the Willingness to Undergo Rhinoplasty: A Psychosocial and Demographic Study From Saudi Arabia.Cureus · 2025Article
- The Saudi Population's Preferences: Otolaryngologist vs. Plastic Surgeons for Rhinoplasty.Cureus · 2025Article
- An Analysis of Industry Payments Toward Physicians in the United States-Cryolipolysis.Plastic surgery (Oakville, Ont.) · 2025Article
- Interplay Between Health-Promoting Lifestyle, and Cognitive Emotion Regulation with Risk of Cosmetic Surgery Seeking in Young Women.Aesthetic plastic surgery · 2025Article
- Impact of sex hormones on postoperative outcomes in plastic surgery: a narrative review.Frontiers in surgery · 2025Review
- Comparison of characteristics and injury patterns between minor and adult patients seeking emergency cosmetic suture for facial lacerations: data from a tertiary plastic surgery hospital in Beijing, China.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Factors Affecting Ocular Prosthetic Use Amongst Anophthalmic Patients: A Retrospective Review with Patient Interviews.Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Worldwide, the numbers of cosmetic procedures continue to climb. However, cosmetic surgery (CS) continues to be plagued by negative stigmatization. This study reviews the literature to identify how attitudes toward CS vary by sex, age, race, culture, and nationality, and aims to determine how other factors like media exposure interact with demographics to influence how well CS is accepted.
methodsA PRISMA-guided systematic review of the literature was conducted to identify all English-language papers reporting on CS or plastic surgery acceptance, attitudes, or stigmatization, specifically examining for data on age, sex, race/ethnicity, culture, and media influence.
resultsIn total, 1515 abstracts were reviewed, of which 94 were deemed pertinent enough to warrant a full-text review. Among the potential demographic predictors of CS acceptance, the one with the most supportive data is sex, with women comprising roughly 90% of all CS patients in virtually all populations studied and consistently exhibiting greater CS knowledge and acceptance. Culturally, the pursuit of beauty through CS is a universal phenomenon, although different countries, races, and cultures differ in how willingly CS is embraced, and in the aesthetic goals of those choosing to have it. In countries with culturally diverse societies like the United States, non-Hispanic Whites continue to predominate among CS patients, but the number of CS patients of other races is rising disproportionately. In this trend, social media is playing a major role.
conclusionHealthcare practitioners performing cosmetic procedures need to consider demographic and cultural differences of the patients in order to enhance their understanding of their patients' aesthetic goals and expectations.
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.