ReviewFrontiers in immunology2021
NK Cells in Autoimmune Diseases: Protective or Pathogenic?
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 70 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
70 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 99 citations in OpenAlex.
- Multi-ancestry and multi-trait genome-wide association meta-analyses inform clinical risk prediction for systemic lupus erythematosus.Nature communications · 2023Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Inverse association between peripheral natural killer cells and thyroid autoimmunity in cases of miscarriage: Evidence from a cross-sectional study.The Journal of international medical research · 2026Article
- Natural Killer Cell Assays: Clinical Applications and Future Directions.Annals of laboratory medicine · 2026Review
- Tumor microenvironment-driven natural killer cell diversity: mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities.Cancer biology & medicine · 2026Review
- Epigenetic Alterations in Microbiome-Host Interactions in Inflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Knockdown of the long isoform of the prolactin receptor selectively targets pathogenic immune cells in systemic lupus erythematosus and averts glomerular pathology.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Amplification cycles through innate lymphoid cells at the onset of lupus nephritis.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Article
- Association Between Complete Blood Cell Count (CBC)-Derived Inflammatory Markers and Natural Killer Cell Activity: A Cross-Sectional Study.Journal of inflammation research · 2026Article
- Accelerated immunosenescence in SLE: current evidence and clinical translation.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- The Neuroimmunology of Autism.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Review
- Multiplexed iPSC platform for advanced NK cell immunotherapies.Cell reports. Medicine · 2025Review
- Differential associations between relationship stressors and natural killer cell gene expression by race/ethnicity and sex among older U.S. adults.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2025Article
- Autoimmune thyroid disease in inborn errors of immunity: a retrospective perspective.Orphanet journal of rare diseases · 2025Article
- Nanomedicine targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 axis in autoimmune diseases: breaking conventional barriers to restore immune tolerance.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2025Review
- Pseudorabies virus induces natural killer cell depletion by GSDMD-mediated inflammation and pyroptosis to promote infection and lung injury.Journal of virology · 2025Article
- The Role of Viral Infections in the Immunopathogenesis of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: A Narrative Review.Biology · 2025Review
- Anti-C1q Autoantibody-Binding Engineered scFv C1q-Mimicking Fragment Enhances Disease Progression in Lupus-Prone MRL/lpr Mice.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Cellular therapies in rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases.Journal of translational autoimmunity · 2025Review
10 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases generally result from the loss of self-tolerance (i.e., failure of the immune system to distinguish self from non-self), and are characterized by autoantibody production and hyperactivation of T cells, which leads to damage of specific or multiple organs. Thus, autoimmune diseases can be classified as organ-specific or systemic. Genetic and environmental factors contribute to the development of autoimmunity. Recent studies have demonstrated the contribution of innate immunity to the onset of autoimmune diseases. Natural killer (NK) cells, which are key components of the innate immune system, have been implicated in the development of multiple autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus, type I diabetes mellitus, and autoimmune liver disease. However, NK cells have both protective and pathogenic roles in autoimmunity depending on the NK cell subset, microenvironment, and disease type or stage. In this work, we review the current knowledge of the varied roles of NK cell subsets in systemic and organic-specific autoimmune diseases and their clinical potential as therapeutic targets.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.