Under-ice mesocosms reveal the primacy of light but the importance of zooplankton in winter phytoplankton dynamics.

Factors that regulate planktonic communities under lake ice may be vastly different from those during the open-water season. Expected changes in light availability, ice cover, and snowfall associated with climate change have accelerated the need to understand food web processes under ice. We hypothesized that light limitation (bottom-up control) outweighs zooplankton grazing (top-down control) influence on phytoplankton biovolume and community structure under ice in a north temperate lake. Using in situ under-ice mesocosm experiments, we found that light had stronger effects on phytoplankton abundance than zooplankton, as expected. Specifically, low light limited growth of diatoms, cryptophytes, and chrysophytes. Zooplankton, however, also significantly affected some individual phytoplankton groups by decreasing diatoms and cryptophytes, in contrast to the common assumption that zooplankton grazing has negligible effects under ice. Ammonium and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) were lowest in high light treatments presumably through uptake by phytoplankton, whereas ammonium and SRP were highest in high zooplankton treatments, likely a result of zooplankton excretion. In situ experimental studies are commonly applied to understand food web dynamics in open-water conditions, but are extremely rare under ice. Our results suggest that changes in the light environment under ice have significant, rapid effects on phytoplankton growth and community structure and that zooplankton may play a more active role in winter food webs than previously thought. Changes in snow and ice dynamics associated with climate change may alter the light environment in ice-covered systems and significantly influence community structure.