Evidence map›Paper›PMID 33775597›Full record

ArticleJournal of the American Medical Directors Association2021

Shifting US Patterns of COVID-19 Mortality by Race and Ethnicity From June-December 2020.

Amit Kumar, Indrakshi Roy, Amol M Karmarkar, Kimberly S Erler, James L Rudolph, Julie A Baldwin, Maricruz Rivera-Hernandez

Open access · bronzeAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
7citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
4.4field-weighted citation impact, top 6% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

7 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 16 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Review
  3. Review
  4. Article
  5. Article
  6. Article
  7. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.

Amit KumarCollege of Health and Human Services, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA; Center for Health Equity Research, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA.
Indrakshi RoyCenter for Health Equity Research, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA.
Amol M KarmarkarDepartment of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA; Sheltering Arms Institute, Richmond, VA, USA.
Kimberly S ErlerSchool of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, MGH Institute of Health Professions, Boston, MA, USA.
James L RudolphDepartment of Health Services, Policy & Practice, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA; Center of Innovation in Long-Term Services and Supports, Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, RI, USA.
Julie A BaldwinCollege of Health and Human Services, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA; Center for Health Equity Research, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA.
Maricruz Rivera-HernandezDepartment of Health Services, Policy & Practice, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA; Center for Gerontology and Healthcare Research, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA. Electronic address: maricruz_rivera-hernandez@brown.edu.
Northern Arizona University · USBrown University · USMGH Institute of Health Professions · USVirginia Commonwealth University · US

Funding

SSCIMA: Integrating Analysis of Socio-economic Sub-population Dynamics to Improve Spatial Models of Infectious DiseaseU54MD012388 · NIMHD · NORTHERN ARIZONA UNIVERSITY · PI Samantha Jane Sabo · 2017 to 2026
$49.7M
Comparing Access and Effectiveness of Post-Acute Care Settings Among Medicare BeneficiariesK01HD086290 · NICHD · VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIVERSITY · PI KARMARKAR, AMOL · 2016 to 2020
$636k
Medicare Advantage Plan Choice and Selection Among Racial and Ethnic Minorities and Low-Income SeniorsK01AG057822 · NIA · BROWN UNIVERSITY · PI RIVERA-HERNANDEZ, MARICRUZ · 2019 to 2023
$632k
Assessing the influence of family care resources on care utilization and transitions for older adults with dementiaK01AG057820 · NIA · UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN AT ANN ARBOR · PI CHOI, HWAJUNG · 2018 to 2022
$616k
Hospital-Based Rehabilitation Services in Older Adults After Hip Fracture and Impact on Health OutcomesR03AG060345 · NIA · NORTHERN ARIZONA UNIVERSITY · PI KUMAR, AMIT · 2018 to 2019
$177k
Nursing Home Care Disparities for Hispanic Medicare Advantage and Fee-For-Service Beneficiaries with Alzheimers and Related DimentiasR03AG054686 · NIA · BROWN UNIVERSITY · PI RIVERA-HERNANDEZ, MARICRUZ · 2018 to 2019
$163k
NIA NIH HHS K01 AG057820NIA NIH HHS K01 AG057822NIA NIH HHS R03 AG054686NIA NIH HHS R03 AG060345NICHD NIH HHS K01 HD086290NIMHD NIH HHS U54 MD012388
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectivesThe COVID-19 pandemic has disproportionately affected racial and ethnic minorities in the United States and has been devastating for residents of nursing homes (NHs). However, evidence on racial and ethnic disparities in COVID-19-related mortality rates within NHs and how that has changed over time has been limited. This study examines the impact of a high proportion of minority residents in NHs on COVID-19-related mortality rates over a 30-week period.

designLongitudinal study. SETTING AND

participantsCenters for Medicare & Medicaid Services Nursing Home COVID-19 Public Use File data from 50 states from June 1, 2020, to December 27, 2020.

methodsWe linked data from 11,718 NHs to (1) Nursing Home Compare data, (2) the Long-Term Care: Facts on Care in the U.S., and (3) US county-level data on COVID cases and deaths. Our primary independent variable was proportion of minority residents (blacks and Hispanics) in NHs and its association with mortality rate over time.

resultsDuring the first 6 weeks from June 1, 2020, NHs with a higher proportion of black residents reported more COVID-19 deaths per 1000 followed by NHs with a higher proportion of Hispanic residents. Between 7 and 12 weeks, NHs with a higher proportion of Hispanic residents reported more deaths per 1000, followed by NHs with a higher proportion of black residents. However, after 23 weeks (mid-November 2020), NHs serving a higher proportion of white residents reported more deaths per 1000 than NHs serving a high proportion of black and Hispanic residents. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: The disparities in COVID-19-related mortality for nursing homes serving minority residents is evident for the first 12 weeks of our study period. Policy interventions and the equitable distribution of vaccine are required to mitigate the impact of systemic racial injustice on health outcomes of people of color residing in NHs.

Indexed as

COVID-19EthnicityAgedHumansLongitudinal StudiesMedicarePandemicsSARS-CoV-2United StatesCOVD-19 pandemicCOVID-19 in nursing homesDisparitymedicareNH safetyrace and ethnicity

Identifiers

PMID33775597
PMCPMC7934694
OpenAlexW3134696146

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.