ArticleVirology2021
The development and kinetics of functional antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.
Article in Virology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 38 citations in OpenAlex.
- Durability of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination in people living with HIV.JCI insight · 2022Trial
- Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity response to SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19 patients.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2021Trial
- From Single Cells to Silicon: Emerging Technologies Transforming Monoclonal Antibody Discovery.Antibodies (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Fc effector functions in RNA viral infections: mechanisms of antiviral immunity and implications for vaccine design.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Modelling the Variability in Immunity Build-Up and Waning Following RNA-Based Vaccination.Viruses · 2025Article
- Non-neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein mediate variant transcendent antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2025Article
- Article
- A Hidden Guardian: The Stability and Spectrum of Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity in COVID-19 Response in Chinese Adults.Vaccines · 2025Article
- Unpredicted Protective Function of Fc-Mediated Inhibitory Antibodies for HIV and SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2025Review
- Multivalent S2 subunit vaccines provide broad protection against Clade 1 sarbecoviruses in female mice.Nature communications · 2025Article
- A longitudinal assessment of the antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 infection in the New Mexican population.PloS one · 2025Article
- Fc-effector functional antibody assays for SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- A Phase 1 randomized trial of homologous and heterologous filovirus vaccines with a late booster dose.NPJ vaccines · 2024Article
- Display of Native SARS-CoV-2 Spike on Mammalian Cells to Measure Antibody Affinity and ADCC.Bio-protocol · 2024Article
- A Short Update on the Use of Monoclonal Antibodies in COVID-19.The AAPS journal · 2024Article
- Article
- The Potential of Probiotics as Ingestible Adjuvants and Immune Modulators for Antiviral Immunity and Management of SARS-CoV-2 Infection and COVID-19.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Longitudinal Neutralizing and Functional Antibody Responses to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Variants Following Messenger RNA Coronavirus Disease 2019 Vaccination.Open forum infectious diseases · 2023Article
- Pre-pandemic SARS-CoV-2-specific IFN-γ and antibody responses were low in Ugandan samples and significantly reduced in HIV-positive specimens.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Since the COVID-19 pandemic, functional non-neutralizing antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2, including antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), are poorly understood. We developed an ADCC assay utilizing a stably transfected, dual-reporter target cell line with inducible expression of a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein on the cell surface. Using this assay, we analyzed 61 convalescent serum samples from adults with PCR-confirmed COVID-19 and 15 samples from healthy uninfected controls. We found that 56 of 61 convalescent serum samples induced ADCC killing of SARS-CoV-2 S target cells, whereas none of the 15 healthy controls had detectable ADCC. We then found a modest decline in ADCC titer over a median 3-month follow-up in 21 patients who had serial samples available for analysis. We confirmed that the antibody-dependent target cell lysis was mediated primarily via the NK FcγRIIIa receptor (CD16). This ADCC assay had high sensitivity and specificity for detecting serologic immune responses to SARS-CoV-2.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.