ArticleBMC public health2021
Modifiable and non-modifiable epidemiological risk factors for acne, acne severity and acne scarring among Malaysian Chinese: a cross-sectional study.
Article in BMC public health, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 32 citations in OpenAlex.
- Replication of acne susceptibility loci and gene-environment interactions with screen time in Singapore and Malaysia Chinese population.JID innovations : skin science from molecules to population health · 2026Article
- Impulsivity, Psychological Distress, and Quality of Life Among the Patients With Acne Vulgaris: Factors Related to Acne Scars.Journal of cosmetic dermatology · 2026Article
- Atrophic Acne Scar Risk and Reflectance Confocal Microscopy Predictive Features.Journal of cosmetic dermatology · 2026Article
- Eating disorder, dietary pattern, and nutritional behavior among patients with acne vulgaris: A case-control study.SAGE open medicine · 2026Article
- Association among presentation, severity, and risk factors of acne vulgaris among Chinese college students: A cross-sectional study.Medicine · 2025Article
- Risk Factors and Epidemiology of Acne Severity and Acne Scar Development: A Comprehensive Clinical Study.Dermatology practical & conceptual · 2025Article
- Lifestyle, medication use, and age considerations with acne vulgaris: A prospective study.JEADV clinical practice · 2025Article
- The Causal Relationship Between Acne Vulgaris and BMI: A Mendelian Randomization Study.Journal of cosmetic dermatology · 2025Article
- Risk Factors Associated With Facial Acne Scarring in Thai Patients With Acne: A Cross-Sectional Study.Journal of cosmetic dermatology · 2025Article
- No Associations Between Genetically Predicted Chronotype, Insomnia, Daytime Sleepiness, or Physical Activity and Acne Vulgaris: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study.Clinical, cosmetic and investigational dermatology · 2025Article
- Impact of Diet and Nutrition in Patients with Acne Vulgaris.Nutrients · 2024Review
- The Antioxidant Power of a Diet May Improve the Quality of Life of Young Women with Acne Vulgaris.Nutrients · 2024Article
- Elevated hematologic ratios are correlated with acne severity: a national, retrospective cohort study.Frontiers in medicine · 2024Article
- Advances in Relationship Between Alcohol Consumption and Skin Diseases.Clinical, cosmetic and investigational dermatology · 2023Review
- Development of a Self-Assembled Hydrogels Based on Carboxymethyl Chitosan and Oxidized Hyaluronic Acid Containing Tanshinone Extract Nanocrystals for Enhanced Dissolution and Acne Treatment.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Diet and acne: A systematic review.JAAD international · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundAcne vulgaris, a highly prevalent multifactorial inflammatory skin disease, can be categorised into different severity and scarring grades based on the type, number, and severity of lesions. While many epidemiology studies have investigated the risk factors for acne presentation, fewer studies have specifically studied the risk factors for acne severity and scarring. Therefore, this study investigated the prevalence of acne, acne severity and scarring grades, and their associated non-modifiable and modifiable epidemiological risk factors among Malaysian Chinese.
methodsA total of 1840 subjects (1117 cases/723 controls) completed an investigator-administered questionnaire as part of a cross-sectional study, which include socio-demographics, familial history, lifestyle factors, dietary habits, and acne history. Acne cases were further evaluated for their severity (n = 1051) and scarring (n = 1052) grades by a trained personnel.
resultsMajority of the acne cases (up to 69%) had mild acne or Grade 1/2 scarring, while 21.6% had moderate/severe acne and 5.5% had Grade 3/4 scarring. Males had significantly higher risk of presenting with higher grades of acne scarring. Those who had acne, regardless of severity and scarring grades, had strong positive familial history (either in parents and/or sibling). Frequent consumption (most or all days) of foods that are commonly consumed during breakfast (butter, probiotic drinks, cereals and milk) decreased the risk for acne presentation and higher acne scarring, while periodic consumption (once/twice per week) of nuts and burgers/fast food decreased the risk for higher acne severity. Alcohol drinking was significantly associated with increased risk for acne presentation, while paternal, parental and household smoking were associated with reduced risk of more severe acne.
conclusionsIn conclusion, positive familial history is a strong predisposing factor in influencing acne presentation, severity and scarring. Frequent consumption of foods that are commonly consumed during breakfast is protective against acne presentation.
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