ArticleAnnals of neurology2021
Foslevodopa/Foscarbidopa: A New Subcutaneous Treatment for Parkinson's Disease.
Article in Annals of neurology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 49 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
49 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 77 citations in OpenAlex.
- Subcutaneous Levodopa in Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.European journal of neurology · 2026Pooled it
- Invasive therapies for Parkinson's disease: an adapted excerpt from the guidelines of the German Society of Neurology.Journal of neurology · 2025Pooled it
- Efficacy and Safety of Foslevodopa/Foscarbidopa Monotherapy in Patients with Parkinson's Disease.Movement disorders clinical practice · 2026Trial
- Patients' experience with and perspectives on long-term use of continuous subcutaneous infusion of foslevodopa/foscarbidopa in Parkinson's disease.Journal of neurology · 2025Trial
- Improved Sleep Correlates with Improved Quality of Life and Motor Symptoms with Foslevodopa/Foscarbidopa.Movement disorders clinical practice · 2024Trial
- Metabolite profiling of foslevodopa/foscarbidopa in plasma of healthy human participants by LC-HRMS indicates no major differences compared to administration of levodopa/carbidopa intestinal gel.Pharmacology research & perspectives · 2024Trial
- Foslevodopa/Foscarbidopa Is Well Tolerated and Maintains Stable Levodopa and Carbidopa Exposure Following Subcutaneous Infusion.Journal of Parkinson's disease · 2021Trial
- On-demand therapies-emergency medication or daily routine?Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2026Review
- Do We Need to Monitor B-Vitamins and Homocysteine During Initiation of Foslevodopa/Foscarbidopa Therapy?Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society · 2026Article
- Real-world experience with foslevodopa/foscarbidopa in Germany: therapeutic insights and lessons learned.Neurological research and practice · 2026Review
- Review
- Device aided therapies in Parkinson disease: an expert view on apomorphine.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2026Review
- Effect of subcutaneous foslevodopa/foscarbidopa therapy on non-motor symptoms in advanced PD patients.Journal of neurology · 2026Article
- Review
- Foslevodopa-Foscarbidopa subcutaneous infusion in Parkinson's disease: a cross-cultural/cross-racial international multicentre comparative tolerability study (CRIM-FOS study).Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Multiple aseptic cellulitis following continuous subcutaneous injection of foslevodopa-foscarbidopa: Two case reports.JAAD case reports · 2026Article
- Advanced Therapeutics in Parkinson's Disease: What's New?Current neurology and neuroscience reports · 2026Review
- Parkinson's Disease Multidisciplinary Complex Therapy (PD-MCT): appreciation of its current function for the treatment of people with Parkinson's disease in Germany and the needs of future development.Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2026Review
- Motor and non-motor fluctuations in Parkinson's disease: the knowns and unknowns of current therapeutic approaches.Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2026Review
- Real-world implementation of continuous subcutaneous foslevodopa/foscarbidopa in advanced Parkinson's disease: first clinical experience from the Middle East.Therapeutic advances in neurological disorders · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
13 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveThe aim was to demonstrate that continuous s.c. infusion of a soluble levodopa (LD)/carbidopa (CD) phosphate prodrug combination effectively delivers stable LD exposure via a minimally invasive and convenient mode and has the potential to treat Parkinson's disease (PD) patients who are not well controlled on oral medication.
methodsFoslevodopa and foscarbidopa were prepared and the equilibrium solubility and chemical stability examined in aqueous media with different values of pH. Solutions of foslevodopa/foscarbidopa (ratios ranging from 4:1 to 20:1) were prepared by dissolving pH-adjusted lyophilized materials in water and infused s.c. in healthy volunteers for ≤72 hours. Frequent blood samples were collected to measure LD and CD exposure, and safety was monitored throughout the study.
resultsFoslevodopa/foscarbidopa (ABBV-951) demonstrates high water solubility and excellent chemical stability near physiological pH, enabling continuous s.c. infusion therapy. After s.c. infusion, a stable LD pharmacokinetic (PK) profile was maintained for ≤72 hours, and the infusion was well tolerated.
interpretationPreparation of foslevodopa and foscarbidopa enables preclinical and clinical PK, safety, and tolerability studies in support of their advancement for the treatment of PD. In phase 1 clinical trials, foslevodopa/foscarbidopa demonstrates consistent and stable LD plasma exposure, supporting further studies of this treatment as a potentially transformational option for those suffering from PD. ANN NEUROL 2021;90:52-61.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.