ReviewEuropean journal of clinical pharmacology2021
Essentials in saline pharmacology for nasal or respiratory hygiene in times of COVID-19.
Review in European journal of clinical pharmacology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. It is linked to trial NCT05729204 (Washing COVID-19 Away With a Hypertonic Seawater Nasal Irrigation Solution Containing Algal and Herbal Natural Ingredients), which is not on this map. Cited by 24 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Washing COVID-19 Away With a Hypertonic Seawater Nasal Irrigation Solution Containing Algal and Herbal Natural Ingredients
Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 40 citations in OpenAlex.
- Washing Illness Away: A Systematic Review of the Impact of Nasal Irrigation and Spray on COVID-19.The Laryngoscope · 2025Pooled it
- Seawater nasal wash to reduce symptom duration and viral load in COVID-19 and upper respiratory tract infections: a randomized controlled multicenter trial.European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery · 2024Trial
- Efficacy of physiological seawater nasal irrigation for the treatment of children with SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2 variant infection: a randomized controlled trial.World journal of pediatrics : WJP · 2024Trial
- Nasopharyngeal Wash with Normal Saline Decreases SARS-CoV-2 Viral Load: A Randomized Pilot Controlled Trial.Canadian respiratory journal · 2022Trial
- Nasal Irrigations: A 360-Degree View in Clinical Practice.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2025Review
- Holistic care in mild upper respiratory tract infections (MURTIs): an approach to individualized care management.Drugs in context · 2025Review
- The effect of nasal douching by hypertonic 2.3 per cent sea water with algae extracts on the concentration of epidermal growth factor, transforming growth factor-α and interleukin-8 in nasal secretions of patients with nasal polyposis following endoscopic surgical treatment.The Journal of laryngology and otology · 2024Article
- Significance of saline nasalirrigation for COVID-19 infection: observations and reflections from nursing care of nasopharyngeal carcinoma.Translational cancer research · 2024Article
- Neurological Sequelae of COVID-19: A Biochemical Perspective.ACS omega · 2023Review
- A Hypertonic Seawater Nasal Irrigation Solution Containing Algal and Herbal Natural Ingredients Reduces Viral Load and SARS-CoV-2 Detection Time in the Nasal Cavity.Journal of personalized medicine · 2023Article
- Quantitative analysis of phenanthrene in soil by fluorescence spectroscopy coupled with the CARS-PLS model.RSC advances · 2023Article
- Mega-scale desalination efficacy (Reverse Osmosis, Electrodialysis, Membrane Distillation, MED, MSF) during COVID-19: Evidence from salinity, pretreatment methods, temperature of operation.Journal of hazardous materials advances · 2023Article
- Saline nasal irrigation and gargling in COVID-19: a multidisciplinary review of effects on viral load, mucosal dynamics, and patient outcomes.Frontiers in public health · 2023Review
- Benefit of Nasal Douche in COVID-19 Patients with Recurrence of Positive SARS-CoV-2 Viral RNA.Infection and drug resistance · 2023Article
- Safety and Performance of Narhinel 0.9% Sodium Chloride Monodose and Otrisal 0.74% Sodium Chloride Monodose Nasal Saline Solutions and Nasal Aspirators in Real-World Settings: Postmarket Clinical Follow-up Study Results.Current therapeutic research, clinical and experimental · 2023Article
- Why not to pick your nose: Association between nose picking and SARS-CoV-2 incidence, a cohort study in hospital health care workers.PloS one · 2023Article
- Mucus Hypersecretion in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Its Treatment.Mediators of inflammation · 2023Review
- Nasal irrigation efficiently attenuates SARS-CoV-2 Omicron infection, transmission and lung injury in the Syrian hamster model.iScience · 2022Article
- Early Negativization of SARS-CoV-2 Infection by Nasal Spray of Seawater plus Additives: The RENAISSANCE Open-Label Controlled Clinical Trial.Pharmaceutics · 2022Article
- The Role of Seawater and Saline Solutions in Treatment of Upper Respiratory Conditions.Marine drugs · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
3 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeNasal irrigation or nebulizing aerosol of isotonic or hypertonic saline is a traditional method for respiratory or nasal care. A recent small study in outpatients with COVID-19 without acute respiratory distress syndrome suggests substantial symptom resolution. We therefore analyzed pharmacological/pharmacodynamic effects of isotonic or hypertonic saline, relevant to SARS-CoV-2 infection and respiratory care.
methodsMixed search method.
resultsDue to its wetting properties, saline achieves an improved spreading of alveolar lining fluid and has been shown to reduce bio-aerosols and viral load. Saline provides moisture to respiratory epithelia and gels mucus, promotes ciliary beating, and improves mucociliary clearance. Coronaviruses and SARS-CoV-2 damage ciliated epithelium in the nose and airways. Saline inhibits SARS-CoV-2 replication in Vero cells; possible interactions involve the viral ACE2-entry mechanism (chloride-dependent ACE2 configuration), furin and 3CLpro (inhibition by NaCl), and the sodium channel ENaC. Saline shifts myeloperoxidase activity in epithelial or phagocytic cells to produce hypochlorous acid. Clinically, nasal or respiratory airway care with saline reduces symptoms of seasonal coronaviruses and other common cold viruses. Its use as aerosol reduces hospitalization rates for bronchiolitis in children. Preliminary data suggest symptom reduction in symptomatic COVID-19 patients if saline is initiated within 48 h of symptom onset.
conclusionsSaline interacts at various levels relevant to nasal or respiratory hygiene (nasal irrigation, gargling or aerosol). If used from the onset of common cold symptoms, it may represent a useful add-on to first-line interventions for COVID-19. Formal evaluation in mild COVID-19 is desirable as to establish efficacy and optimal treatment regimens.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.