ArticleThe ocular surface2021
Human precorneal tear film and lipid layer dynamics in meibomian gland dysfunction.
Article in The ocular surface, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 19 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 22 citations in OpenAlex.
- Efficacy of Perfluorohexyloctane for the Treatment of Patients with Dry Eye Disease: A Meta-Analysis.Ophthalmic research · 2025Pooled it
- Anterior Segment Optical Coherence Tomography with Angiography for the Cornea and Ocular Surface.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Fluorescein tear breakup time predicts pre-lens tear film stability and contact lens comfort.Journal of the Chinese Medical Association : JCMA · 2026Article
- Correlating corneal and meibomian gland morphology with diabetes duration in T2DMInternational journal of ophthalmology · 2026Article
- The microenvironment of ocular surface in keratoconus: a systematic review.Eye and vision (London, England) · 2025Review
- Layer-by-layer tear film measurement in patients with dry eye and meibomian gland dysfunction.International journal of ophthalmology · 2025Article
- Ocular Surface Alteration on Corneal Endothelial Decompensation and Descemet's Membrane Endothelial Keratoplasty.Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2025Article
- A machine learning approach to predicting dry eye-related signs, symptoms and diagnoses from meibography images.Heliyon · 2024Article
- Standardization of meibomian gland dysfunction in an Egyptian population sample using a non-contact meibography technique.International journal of ophthalmology · 2024Article
- Dry eye disease in systemic lupus erythematosus: a cross sectional study.International journal of ophthalmology · 2024Article
- Dry Eye Disease Associated with Meibomian Gland Dysfunction: Focus on Tear Film Characteristics and the Therapeutic Landscape.Ophthalmology and therapy · 2023Review
- Binocular dynamic visual acuity in dry eye disease patients.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2023Article
- Recent advances in optical coherence tomography for anterior segment imaging in small animals and their clinical implications.The ocular surface · 2022Review
- Proteases and Their Potential Role as Biomarkers and Drug Targets in Dry Eye Disease and Ocular Surface Dysfunction.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- Association between Dry Eye Parameters Depends on Tear Components.Journal of clinical medicine · 2022Article
- Characterization of the thickness of the Tear Film Lipid Layer in Meibomian Gland Dysfunction using high resolution optical microscopy.The ocular surface · 2022Article
- Meibum sphingolipid composition is altered in individuals with meibomian gland dysfunction-a side by side comparison of Meibum and Tear Sphingolipids.The ocular surface · 2022Article
- Human meibum and tear film derived cholesteryl and wax esters in meibomian gland dysfunction and tear film structure.The ocular surface · 2022Article
- Human Meibum and Tear Film Derived (O-Acyl)-Omega-Hydroxy Fatty Acids as Biomarkers of Tear Film Dynamics in Meibomian Gland Dysfunction and Dry Eye Disease.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
purposeTo evaluate the precorneal tear film (PCTF) and lipid layer (TFLL) thicknesses and thinning rates in meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) using a combined ultra-high-resolution optical coherence tomography (OCT) and thickness dependent fringe (TDF) interferometry system.
methodsBased on the Tear Film and Ocular Surface Society (TFOS) International Workshop on Meibomian Gland Dysfunction diagnostic algorithm, the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) and meibum grade score (MGS) were used to classify subjects into four groups: Normal (OSDI<13 and MGS<10), MGD (OSDI≥13 and MGS≥10), Asymptomatic MGD (OSDI<13 and MGS≥10), and Mixed (OSDI≥13 and MGS<10). The OCT/TDF system was used to capture PCTF and TFLL thicknesses and thinning rates. Kruskal-Wallis was used to compare median PCTF and TFLL thicknesses and thinning rates.
resultsThere were 190 subjects categorized into four groups: Normal (n = 63), MGD (n = 51), Asymptomatic MGD (n = 29), and Mixed (n = 47). The PCTF was significantly thinner in the Mixed group (3.3 [1.2]) than in the Normal (p < 0.001), MGD (p < 0.001) and Asymptomatic MGD (p = 0.009) groups. Relative to the Normal (4.5 [4.5] μm/min) and Mixed (5.0 [2.0] μm/min) groups, the rate of PCTF thinning was faster in the MGD (8.1 [3.0] μm/min, both p < 0.001) and Asymptomatic MGD (6.9 [3.1] μm/min, p = 0.009 and p = 0.04, respectively) groups. The correlation between PCTF thinning rate and TFLL thickness was ρ = -0.46, p < 0.001.
conclusionsSymptomatic and asymptomatic MGD shows rapid PCTF thinning rates (evaporation), while the PCTF thickness was reduced in mixed disease. Thicker lipid layers were associated with slower PCTF thinning.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.