Evidence map›Paper›PMID 33771449›Full record

ReviewTrends in cognitive sciences2021

Bilingualism: Pathway to Cognitive Reserve.

Ellen Bialystok

Abstract readReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in Trends in cognitive sciences, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 51 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
51citing papers in PubMed, 3 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

51 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

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  18. Language disorders in understudied languages: Opening editorial.Cortex; a journal devoted to the study of the nervous system and behavior · 2025
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

1 author.

Ellen BialystokDepartment of Psychology, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON, Canada M3J 1P3. Electronic address: ellenb@yorku.ca.

Funding

The mechanism of cognitive reserve in bilingualismR21AG048431 · NIA · YORK UNIVERSITY · PI BIALYSTOK, ELLEN · 2015 to 2016
$297k
NIA NIH HHS R21 AG048431
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Cognitive reserve is characterized by a dissociation between cognitive level and brain structure, thereby reducing the impact of deteriorating brain structure on cognitive function. Cognitive reserve is therefore a promising approach to maintaining cognitive function and protecting against symptoms of dementia. The present paper evaluates evidence supporting the claim that bilingualism contributes to cognitive reserve. Four types of evidence are presented: (i) brain and cognitive function in healthy aging, (ii) age of onset of symptoms of dementia, (iii) relation between clinical level and neuropathology for patients, and (iv) rate of cognitive decline in later stages of dementia. In all cases, bilinguals revealed patterns that were consistent with the interpretation of protection from cognitive reserve when compared with monolinguals.

Indexed as

Cognitive DysfunctionCognitive ReserveMultilingualismBrainCognitionHumansbilingualismcognitive agingcognitive reservedementia

Identifiers

PMID33771449
PMCPMC8035279

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceTDM
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.