Observational studySleep2021
Greatest changes in objective sleep architecture during COVID-19 lockdown in night owls with increased REM sleep.
Observational study in Sleep, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 45 citations in OpenAlex.
- Changes in Sleep Duration and Sleep Timing in the General Population from before to during the First COVID-19 Lockdown: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2024Pooled it
- Changes in sleep quality and sleep disturbances in the general population from before to during the COVID-19 lockdown: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2023Pooled it
- Article
- Social, psychosocial, and lifestyle determinants of diabetes and prediabetes in US adults before and after COVID-19: a cross-sectional NHANES analysis.Diabetology & metabolic syndrome · 2026Article
- Article
- Obstructive sleep apnea severity varies by season and environmental influences such as ambient temperature.Communications medicine · 2025Article
- NREM Slow-Wave Activity in Adolescents Is Differentially Associated With ADHD Levels and Normalized by Pharmacological Treatment.The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology · 2024Article
- Article
- Working-from-home persistently influences sleep and physical activity 2 years after the Covid-19 pandemic onset: a longitudinal sleep tracker and electronic diary-based study.Frontiers in psychology · 2023Article
- Nightmare frequency and nightmare distress during the COVID-19 pandemic.Journal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine · 2023Article
- Impaired procedural memory in narcolepsy type 1.Acta neurologica Scandinavica · 2022Article
- Worsening sleep predicts lower life space mobility during the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic.Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · 2022Article
- Increased sleep duration and delayed sleep timing during the COVID-19 pandemic.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Article
- High sleep fragmentation parallels poor subjective sleep quality during the third wave of the Covid-19 pandemic: An actigraphic study.Journal of sleep research · 2022Article
- Prior sleep-wake behaviors are associated with mental health outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic among adult users of a wearable device in the United States.Sleep health · 2022Article
- Age and chronotype influenced sleep timing changes during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic.Journal of sleep research · 2022Article
- Sleeping in a bubble: factors affecting sleep during New Zealand's COVID-19 lockdown.Sleep advances : a journal of the Sleep Research Society · 2022Article
- Investigating How Auditory and Visual Stimuli Promote Recovery After Stress With Potential Applications for Workplace Stress and Burnout: Protocol for a Randomized Trial.Frontiers in psychology · 2022Article
- Dreaming during a pandemic: Low incorporation of COVID-19-specific themes and lucidity in dreams of psychiatric patients and healthy controls.International journal of clinical and health psychology : IJCHPArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
STUDY
objectivesThe COVID-19 pandemic has had dramatic effects on society and people's daily habits. In this observational study, we recorded objective data on sleep macro- and microarchitecture repeatedly over several nights before and during the COVID-19 government-imposed lockdown. The main objective was to evaluate changes in patterns of sleep duration and architecture during home confinement using the pre-confinement period as a control.
methodsParticipants were regular users of a sleep-monitoring headband that records, stores, and automatically analyzes physiological data in real time, equivalent to polysomnography. We measured sleep onset duration, total sleep time, duration of sleep stages (N2, N3, and rapid eye movement [REM]), and sleep continuity. Via the user's smartphone application, participants filled in questionnaires on how lockdown changed working hours, eating behavior, and daily life at home. They also filled in the Insomnia Severity Index, reduced Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire, and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale questionnaires, allowing us to create selected subgroups.
resultsThe 599 participants were mainly men (71%) of median age 47 (interquartile range: 36-59). Compared to before lockdown, during lockdown individuals slept more overall (mean +3·83 min; SD: ±1.3), had less deep sleep (N3), more light sleep (N2), and longer REM sleep (mean +3·74 min; SD: ±0.8). They exhibited less weekend-specific changes, suggesting less sleep restriction during the week. Changes were most pronounced in individuals reporting eveningness preferences, suggesting relative sleep deprivation in this population and exacerbated sensitivity to societal changes.
conclusionThis unique dataset should help us understand the effects of lockdown on sleep architecture and on our health.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.