ReviewHuman vaccines & immunotherapeutics2021
A review of the BCG vaccine and other approaches toward tuberculosis eradication.
Review in Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 43 citations in OpenAlex.
- Article
- BCG vaccination and household TB exposure in childhood tuberculosis: a community-based case-control study in rural Bangladesh.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Structural vaccinology expedites rational design of next-generation vaccines for influenza and respiratory syncytial virus.Virologica Sinica · 2026Review
- Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol drives multinucleated giant cell formation in response to mycobacterium bovis Bacille Calmette-Guérin.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Bacillus Calmette-Guerin in controlling type 1 diabetes: A quasi-experimental randomized clinical trial.Caspian journal of internal medicine · 2026Article
- BCG overexpressing Ag85B reprograms host immune response through coordinated transcriptional networks.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- The TRIM-cancer paradox: BCG as a programmable vaccine platform and a mechanistic probe for rational immunotherapy design.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Novel Multistage SubunitVaccines · 2025Article
- Synthesis and Evaluation of Trehalose-Based Mertansine Warheads for Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Delivery of Anticancer Agents.Chembiochem : a European journal of chemical biology · 2025Article
- Harnessing Actinobacteria secondary metabolites for tuberculosis drug discovery: Historical trends, current status and future outlooks.Natural products and bioprospecting · 2025Review
- Generalized linear modeling of flow cytometry data to analyze immune responses in tuberculosis vaccine research.NPJ systems biology and applications · 2025Article
- Evaluating the immunogenicity and safety of ID93 + GLA-SE in BCG-vaccinated healthy adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Therapeutic advances in vaccines and immunotherapy · 2025Review
- A rare case of osteoarticular tuberculosis and tuberculous osteomyelitis of the left foot without pulmonary involvement.Radiology case reports · 2024Article
- Review
- Effects of non-tuberculous mycobacteria on BCG vaccine efficacy: A narrative review.Journal of clinical tuberculosis and other mycobacterial diseases · 2024Review
- Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) Revaccination and Protection Against Tuberculosis: A Systematic Review.Cureus · 2024Review
- From plague to the promise: The journey of Bacille Calmette-Guérin.Bladder (San Francisco, Calif.) · 2024Article
- Epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance ofFrontiers in public health · 2024Article
- IV BCG Vaccination and Aerosol BCG Revaccination Induce Mycobacteria-Responsive γδ T Cells Associated with Protective Efficacy againstVaccines · 2023Article
- Ending the TB pandemic: the urgency of a new and improved TB vaccine and the World Health Organization's TB Vaccine Accelerator Council.Breathe (Sheffield, England) · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Despite aggressive eradication efforts, Tuberculosis (TB) remains a global health burden, one that disproportionally affects poorer, less developed nations. The only vaccine approved for TB, the Bacillus of Calmette and Guérin (BCG) vaccine remains controversial because it's stated efficacy has been cited as anywhere from 0 to 80%. Nevertheless, there have been exciting discoveries about the mechanism of action of the BCG vaccine that suggests it has a role in immunization schedules today. We review recent data suggesting the vaccine imparts protection against both tuberculosis and non-tuberculosis pathogens via a newly discovered immune system called trained immunity. BCG's efficacy also appears to be tied to its affect on granulocytes at the epigenetic and hematopoietic stem cell levels, which we discuss in this article at length. We also write about how the different strains of the BCG vaccine elicit different immune responses, suggesting that certain BCG strains are more immunogenic than others. Finally, our review delves into how the current vaccine is being reformulated to be more efficacious, and track the development of the next generation vaccines against TB.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.