ArticleScientific reports2021
A 3D analysis of growth trajectory and integration during early human prenatal facial growth.
Article in Scientific reports, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed.
- Comparative study of fetal facial shape between Japanese and North American populations using micro-CT.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- 3D anthropometry of the nasolabial region in children aged 3 to 9 months as reference database for clinical assessment.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Light and scanning electron microscope characterization of mandibular symphysis tissue as a functional adaptation in the mandible development of human fetuses.Journal of anatomy · 2025Article
- 3D atlas of the human fetal chondrocranium in the middle trimester.Scientific data · 2024Article
- Morphometric analysis of secondary palate development in human embryos.Journal of anatomy · 2022Article
- Article
- The first 3D analysis of the sphenoid morphogenesis during the human embryonic period.Scientific reports · 2022Article
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Authors and funding
10 authors.
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Abstract
Significant shape changes in the human facial skeleton occur in the early prenatal period, and understanding this process is critical for studying a myriad of congenital facial anomalies. However, quantifying and visualizing human fetal facial growth has been challenging. Here, we applied quantitative geometric morphometrics (GM) to high-resolution magnetic resonance images of human embryo and fetuses, to comprehensively analyze facial growth. We utilized non-linear growth estimation and GM methods to assess integrated epigenetic growth between masticatory muscles and associated bones. Our results show that the growth trajectory of the human face in the early prenatal period follows a curved line with three flexion points. Significant antero-posterior development occurs early, resulting in a shift from a mandibular prognathic to relatively orthognathic appearance, followed by expansion in the lateral direction. Furthermore, during this time, the development of the zygoma and the mandibular ramus is closely integrated with the masseter muscle.
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