ArticleNature communications2021
Viral infection of cells within the tumor microenvironment mediates antitumor immunotherapy via selective TBK1-IRF3 signaling.
Article in Nature communications, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 45 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
45 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 71 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Frontier of Melanoma Treatment: Defeating Immunotherapy Resistance-A Systematic Review.Oncology research · 2026Pooled it
- Multimodality analysis confers a prognostic benefit of a T-cell infiltrated tumor microenvironment and peripheral immune status in patients with melanoma.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2022Trial
- Viral Microglia Reprogramming Clears Oligomeric Neurotoxic Debris.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Lymphotropic Virotherapy Induces DC and High Endothelial Venule Inflammation, Promoting the Antitumor Efficacy of Intratumor Virus Administration.Cancer immunology research · 2026Article
- Hydrogel Micro/Nanostructures for the Delivery of Oncolytic Viruses: Overcoming Limitations and Improving Efficacy.Advanced pharmaceutical bulletin · 2025Review
- Targeting pattern recognition receptors for cancer therapy: Mechanisms and strategies.Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2025Review
- Polio virotherapy provokes MDA5 signaling and CD4Microbiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR · 2025Review
- REGγ regulates antiviral response by activating TBK1-IFNβ signaling through degradation of PPP2CB.Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS · 2025Article
- Targeting TBK1 potentiates oncolytic virotherapy via amplifying ICAM1-mediated NK cell immunity in chemo-resistant colorectal cancer.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2025Article
- Review
- Repurposing anti-viral subunit and mRNA vaccines T cell immunity for intratumoral immunotherapy against solid tumors.NPJ vaccines · 2025Article
- Peripheral Blood IFN Responses to Toll-Like Receptor 1/2 Signaling Associate with Longer Survival in Men with Metastatic Prostate Cancer Treated with Sipuleucel-T.Cancer research communications · 2024Article
- Circ_0001947 encapsulated by small extracellular vesicles promotes gastric cancer progression and anti-PD-1 resistance by modulating CD8Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2024Article
- Intratumoral Microbiome: Foe or Friend in Reshaping the Tumor Microenvironment Landscape?Cells · 2024Review
- Focus on current and emerging treatment options for glioma: A comprehensive review.World journal of clinical oncology · 2024Review
- Article
- Elucidating cellular response to treatment with viral immunotherapies in pediatric high-grade glioma and medulloblastoma.Translational oncology · 2024Article
- Interplay between ATRX and IDH1 mutations governs innate immune responses in diffuse gliomas.Nature communications · 2024Article
- TBK1 is paradoxical in tumor development: a focus on the pathway mediating IFN-I expression.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Intratumor microbiome: selective colonization in the tumor microenvironment and a vital regulator of tumor biology.MedComm · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
13 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Activating intra-tumor innate immunity might enhance tumor immune surveillance. Virotherapy is proposed to achieve tumor cell killing, while indirectly activating innate immunity. Here, we report that recombinant poliovirus therapy primarily mediates antitumor immunotherapy via direct infection of non-malignant tumor microenvironment (TME) cells, independent of malignant cell lysis. Relative to other innate immune agonists, virotherapy provokes selective, TBK1-IRF3 driven innate inflammation that is associated with sustained type-I/III interferon (IFN) release. Despite priming equivalent antitumor T cell quantities, MDA5-orchestrated TBK1-IRF3 signaling, but not NFκB-polarized TLR activation, culminates in polyfunctional and Th1-differentiated antitumor T cell phenotypes. Recombinant type-I IFN increases tumor-localized T cell function, but does not mediate durable antitumor immunotherapy without concomitant pattern recognition receptor (PRR) signaling. Thus, virus-induced MDA5-TBK1-IRF3 signaling in the TME provides PRR-contextualized IFN responses that elicit functional antitumor T cell immunity. TBK1-IRF3 innate signal transduction stimulates eventual function and differentiation of tumor-infiltrating T cells.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.