Evidence map›Paper›PMID 33766014›Full record

SynthesisBMC health services research2021

Defining safety net hospitals in the health services research literature: a systematic review and critical appraisal.

Jennifer L Hefner, Tory Harper Hogan, William Opoku-Agyeman, Nir Menachemi

Abstract readSystematic Review
In one paragraph

Synthesis in BMC health services research, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 37 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
37citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

37 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
  3. Article
  4. Article
  5. Article
  6. Alternative Approaches to Characterizing Disparate Care by Race, Ethnicity, and Insurance Between Hospitals.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025
    Article
  7. Healthcare Disparities in Spine Oncology: A Systematic Review.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2025
    Review
  8. Review
  9. Understanding the hospital safety net Hospital resource limitations impact prostate cancer treatment beyond socioeconomic disparities.Canadian Urological Association journal = Journal de l'Association des urologues du Canada · 2025
    Article
  10. Article
  11. Article
  12. Observational
  13. Article
  14. Article
  15. Article
  16. Safety Net Hospitals and the Quality of Surgical Care.Annals of surgery open : perspectives of surgical history, education, and clinical approaches · 2025
    Review
  17. The role of routine and structured social needs data collection in improving care in US hospitals.Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association : JAMIA · 2025
    Article
  18. Article
  19. Article
  20. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Jennifer L HefnerDivision of Health Services Management and Policy, School of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA. hefner.48@osu.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8083-8038
Tory Harper HoganDivision of Health Services Management and Policy, School of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
William Opoku-AgyemanSchool of Health and Applied Human Sciences, University of North Carolina at Wilmington, Wilmington, NC, USA.
Nir MenachemiDepartment of Health Policy and Management, Indiana University Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indianapolis, IN, USA.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundThe aim of this study was to identify the range of ways that safety net hospitals (SNHs) have been empirically operationalized in the literature and determine the extent to which patterns could be identified in the use of empirical definitions of SNHs.

methodsWe conducted a PRISMA guided systematic review of studies published between 2009 and 2018 and analyzed 22 articles that met the inclusion criteria of hospital-level analyses with a clear SNH definition.

resultsEleven unique SNH definitions were identified, and there were no obvious patterns in the use of a definition category (Medicaid caseload, DSH payment status, uncompensated care, facility characteristics, patient care mix) by the journal type where the article appeared, dataset used, or the year of publication.

conclusionsOverall, there is broad variability in the conceptualization of, and variables used to define, SNHs. Our work advances the field toward the development of standards in measuring, operationalizing, and conceptualizing SNHs across research and policy questions.

Indexed as

Health Services ResearchSafety-net ProvidersHumansMedicaidUnited StatesDisparitiesHospitalsSafety net providersSystematic review

Identifiers

PMID33766014
PMCPMC7993482

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.