ArticlePLoS neglected tropical diseases2021
Suitability of current typing procedures to identify epidemiologically linked human Giardia duodenalis isolates.
Article in PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed.
- Multilocus Oxford Nanopore sequencing reveals genetic diversity of Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. in surface and wastewater in Southwestern Colombia.Parasites & vectors · 2026Article
- High resolution multi-locus sequence typing scheme for Giardia duodenalis assemblage B outbreak and population analysis.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2026Article
- Dual detection and novel genotypes ofFrontiers in veterinary science · 2026Article
- Genotyping and distribution ofParasitology · 2026Article
- Arginine metabolism has a pivotal function for the encystation of Giardia duodenalis.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- Autochthonous and imported giardiasis cases: An analysis of two decades of national surveillance data, Germany, 2002 to 2021.Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin · 2024Article
- Zoonotic Cryptosporidium and Giardia in marsupials-an update.Parasitology research · 2024Review
- Molecular Epidemiology and Assemblage Typing of Giardia duodenalis in School-Age Children Situated along the Southern Shoreline of Lake Malawi, Malawi.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2023Article
- A shotgun metagenomic analysis of the fecal microbiome in humans infected with Giardia duodenalis.Parasites & vectors · 2023Article
- Highly contiguous genomes of human clinical isolates ofMicrobial genomics · 2023Article
- Subspecific Nomenclature ofPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Extensive testing of a multi-locus sequence typing scheme for Giardia duodenalis assemblage A confirms its good discriminatory power.Parasites & vectors · 2022Article
- Variation in haplotypes in single cysts of assemblages C and D, but not of assemblage E of Giardia duodenalis.BMC microbiology · 2022Article
- Multilocus sequence typing ofFrontiers in medicine · 2022Article
- Zoonotic giardiasis: an update.Parasitology research · 2021Review
- Real-Time PCR for Molecular Detection of Zoonotic and Non-ZoonoticMicroorganisms · 2021Article
- The controversies surroundingCurrent research in parasitology & vector-borne diseases · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
15 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundGiardia duodenalis is a leading cause of gastroenteritis worldwide. Humans are mainly infected by two different subtypes, i.e., assemblage A and B. Genotyping is hampered by allelic sequence heterozygosity (ASH) mainly in assemblage B, and by occurrence of mixed infections. Here we assessed the suitability of current genotyping protocols of G. duodenalis for epidemiological applications such as molecular tracing of transmission chains. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL
findingsTwo G. duodenalis isolate collections, from an outpatient tropical medicine clinic and from several primary care laboratories, were characterized by assemblage-specific qPCR (TIF, CATH gene loci) and a common multi locus sequence typing (MLST; TPI, BG, GDH gene loci). Assemblage A isolates were further typed at additional loci (HCMP22547, CID1, RHP26, HCMP6372, DIS3, NEK15411). Of 175/202 (86.6%) patients the G. duodenalis assemblage could be identified: Assemblages A 25/175 (14.3%), B 115/175 (65.7%) and A+B mixed 35/175 (20.0%). By incorporating allelic sequence heterozygosity in the analysis, the three marker MLST correctly identified 6/9 (66,7%) and 4/5 (80.0%) consecutive samples from chronic assemblage B infections in the two collections, respectively, and identified a cluster of five independent patients carrying assemblage B parasites of identical MLST type. Extended MLST for assemblage A altogether identified 5/6 (83,3%) consecutive samples from chronic assemblage A infections and 15 novel genotypes. Based on the observed A+B mixed infections it is estimated that only 75% and 50% of assemblage A or B only cases represent single strain infections, respectively. We demonstrate that typing results are consistent with this prediction. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Typing of assemblage A and B isolates with resolution for epidemiological applications is possible but requires separate genotyping protocols. The high frequency of multiple infections and their impact on typing results are findings with immediate consequences for result interpretation in this field.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.